tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31648042430407262992024-03-16T14:52:01.666-04:00The EEB & FlowBlogging all things ecology and evolutionary biologyMarc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.comBlogger471125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-16813187492107158962022-09-09T11:13:00.001-04:002022-09-09T11:13:45.846-04:00Thinking about cities: Were ancient cities greener than modern ones?<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">*This is part of a series called ‘Thinking About Cities’ which are parts
of a book I am working on about urban green space that I’ve decided to cut out
of the book manuscript. </i></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Picture a large modern city. Undoubtedly, your mental image includes a
lot of grey. Grey buildings. Grey roads. Maybe grey skies saturated with ozone
and particulate matter. Yet we don’t see green as a dominant feature of a city
despite the undeniable importance of vegetation and green space to the well-being
of a city. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Now picture an ancient city. This image probably has a lot less grey
and more browns and greens. We likely see dirt (unpaved) roads, wooden
structures, trees here and there, a river with a natural bank, and chickens and
other livestock intermingled with human activity. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Were ancient cities inherently greener than modern cities? If so, was
this done by design, or by accident, or because humans lacked the technology to
completely transform the landscape? Before we delve into this question, we need
to think about what a city is and where it comes from.</span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the city</i></span></h3><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cities have evolved from small permanent settlements to
massive human-created landscapes that house large and densely packed
populations. As Gordon Childe argued (Childe 1950),
the city is a revolution. They represent revolutions of technology, governance,
economics, and our relationship with nature and place. Nothing like cities
existed in all of human history until about 9-10 thousand years ago when the
first known large settlements appeared near the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">These
were Jericho in what is today the West Bank and Catal Huyuk in Turkey. These
cities housed somewhere between 2 and 6 thousand people</span>)</span><style><span style="font-family: arial;">@font-face
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{page:WordSection1;}</span></style><span style="font-family: arial;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To understand the origins of the city, we
need to look to the birth of the major civilizations, and to find these, we
need to go to the banks of the major rivers of the Middle East and Asia. The
Nile, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Yangtze, and Yellow rivers were the
cradles fostering the birth of cities. Just like a germinating seed, cities
required water to grow. The rivers were the lifeblood of these new forms of
civilization and was essential for the irrigated agriculture that fed
populations, a supply of drinking water and for construction, a means for
moving waste away from human populations, and were the express highways of the
day –moving people and goods.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">These first major cities were home to several thousand
people (certainly less than ten thousand) living in loosely organized communal
areas, and though these do not seem like cities by today’s criteria, they were
massive by the standards of the day. Pre-agrarian societies supported population
densities of about 0.04 people per square kilometre and early agrarian
societies, which gave rise to the first permanent settlements, had between 1
and 5 people per square kilometre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cities today have densities of hundreds or
thousands of people per square kilometre.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The shift from nomadic cultures to agricultural ones was the
necessary development for cities to emerge. Having a permanent source of food
drastically changed how people spend their time and allowed them to produce
more food than they could personally eat. Sounds trivial, but this new reality
allowed for specialized occupations that were not focused on finding and
gathering food. The farmer produces the food, while others pursue their own vocational
callings like carpenter, artisan, priest, and so on. With new occupations
involving training and expertise, innovation and technological development
ensued. Metal workers tested new methods and alloys, farmers found ways to
increase yield, and the priests and elites organized people and resources. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">By this point, cities were all but inevitable. As different
cultures shared information and technology, small cities began to emerge along
the great rivers of the world. These rivers all supported the eventual growth
of large cities of ten thousand or more people by about 5 thousand years ago.
But the rivers also needed to be controlled. While they were an invaluable
resource, they could also be unpredictable and devastating. The ancient city of
Petra in modern Jordan, was a thriving capital city between 300 BC and 300 AD,
but it was subject to floods after heavy storms and the Petroneans built damns
and culverts to reduce flooding. This was not unique to Petra. Many ancient
city archaeological sites include evidence of engineered structures designed to
control flooding. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cities also required governance. Ten thousand people living
together would be chaotic if there wasn’t some sort of government in place to
create and enforce rules. For these early cities, this governance was intertwined
with religion. Temples were the centre of these early cities and provided
guidance, worship, laws, education and were the focal points for political
power.
People no longer relied solely on family or clan allegiance but were
increasingly tied to loyalties to king, high priest, and nation-state. These
power structures were important for organizing people and pooling efforts and
creativity into larger and larger projects, while promising protection from
other nation-states, which were also increasing in power. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The emergence of cities was a slow evolution from small
permanent settlements to large centrally governed and densely populated ones.
It is hard for scholars to say with certainty when the first city appeared
because both the evidence has been washed away by time and it is not entirely
clear what a city is.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For ancient settlements, we can say that the designation as
a ‘city’ corresponds to certain features that are necessary to successfully
house thousands of people in a small area. These would include: sturdy streets
capable of sustaining constant use, dense and organized housing, central
governance and control of law enforcement, taxation to pay for services and
common good building projects (e.g., aqueducts, city walls, etc.), specialized
occupations and trades that provide expertise in various elements of culture,
governance and construction of cities (e.g., engineers, teachers, etc.),
markets allowing specialized occupations to trade goods and services, because
blacksmiths do not grow much food and farmers make few metal objects, and
finally cities have large and permanent impacts on local environments.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Let us paint a picture of an early city by looking at the
largest city in the world during the 11<sup>th</sup> century –Kaifeng, China
(historically called Daliang or Bianjing). Kaifeng was the capital of the Song
dynasty (960 - 1279) and at the height of its glory, it was home to somewhere
between six hundred thousand and one million people. We actually know a lot
about Kaifeng. China is the oldest continuous civilization on Earth and has
tremendous collections of historical documents. Further, Kaifeng is still a
major city today with a population of about five million people –a medium-sized
city by Chinese standards, but a very large one by standards elsewhere. Most importantly,
one of China’s most cherished historical artifacts is a giant scroll measuring
5.25 meters (or over 17 feet) long called “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alongthe River During the Qingming Festival</i></a>”, and it beautifully depicts Kaifeng
life during a national holiday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUWxp0LiArgr32LfqZsqNfDcat2jmUuLgXc8N1ZFUXs3lZ8fanwDo5NnFD6fkUAPyw06hFGS6qKJBdXkjoBb_WLIa1iFFbvwzd8sNWRl88vvsVRK2X46PLZ0l-HeW4SegbP9ELVB-Xn3lRJkjRQmPX-olPy9rHCVCFIDBbPkL8iJNWz5v8D3pJXRusA/s2772/Segment_Alongthe%20river.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="2772" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUWxp0LiArgr32LfqZsqNfDcat2jmUuLgXc8N1ZFUXs3lZ8fanwDo5NnFD6fkUAPyw06hFGS6qKJBdXkjoBb_WLIa1iFFbvwzd8sNWRl88vvsVRK2X46PLZ0l-HeW4SegbP9ELVB-Xn3lRJkjRQmPX-olPy9rHCVCFIDBbPkL8iJNWz5v8D3pJXRusA/w640-h246/Segment_Alongthe%20river.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A small segment of the painting “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</i>”</a>,
painted by Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145). It depicts city life in Kaifeng, China at
the height of its prestige when it was the capital city and the largest city in
the world.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">From this beautiful illustration, you can see the elements
of what it means to be a city. First, there are lots of people milling around
and participating in different activities. There is trade, we see people moving
goods in carts and on camels. There are specialized occupations, notice the tea houses and restaurants. There is organised building construction lining a
major road. We see the overwhelming evidence of codified economics as people
are buying goods and exchanging money (and gambling!). And with economics we
see class inequalities as the lady pulls aside the silk curtains and looks out
of the litter, or shoulder carriage, being carried by porters. There is a city
gate protecting the population and regulating and taxing the flow of goods. If
we move along the scroll, we would see the Yellow River and the docks and ships
necessary to move people and goods over great distances. Looking at the
amazingly detailed depictions in the scroll, we can almost smell the odours and
aromas and hear the sounds that permeate through a dense city. Horses neighing,
dogs barking, people shouting, and dishes clanging. This was a city by any
definition. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><h3 class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>So was Kaifeng greener than modern Beijing?</i></span></h3><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Obviously, Kaifeng, if it existed today, would be a greener
city than Beijing. Modern Beijing, or any other megalopolis, is defined by a
massive concentration of material and energy that results in a concrete
landscape capable of housing millions of people. Keifeng simply had less
impervious surface and more space for nature. So, the short answer is yes,
ancient cities were physically greener.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">But if we think of ‘green’ as being a philosophy or approach
that directs how we interact with nature, then I don’t think we can say that
ancient cities were greener. Humans have created cities precisely to alter
local environments to better suit our needs. A city is the embodiment of our innate
desire to increase our own fitness by removing threats (from predators and
other people), creating security through strength in numbers, and reducing
environment unpredictability. We might want to romanticize early human
relationships with nature, but the reality is that once technologies were
created that advance urbanization, they were implemented and spread rapidly.
Being susceptible to flooding, early cities channelized rivers once they were
able to. In response to threats from other groups of people, cities around the
world accepted being encased in walls as the technologies emerged. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The history of cities can be seen as a continuum from small
and low-impact settlements to large, urbanized landscapes like Tokyo. What
drives a smaller and greener city towards being a megalopolis? So long as the
population demand is there and the technologies to build a city exist, the megalopolis
is all but inevitable. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Unlike previous generations, we are in a unique position to
ask the question, what do we want a city to look like? Most of the
technological hurdles that would limit urbanization have been overcome. We now
have the conceivable ability to create a completely urbanized planet, like Coruscant
from Star Wars. But most people would think that this is a bad idea. But is
barely constrained sprawl around urban centres like Los Angeles, Mexico City,
Delhi, and Toronto not a microcosm for these urbanizing forces that we think
are ultimately undesirable?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The point is that neither in ancient times nor now do people
have an agreed upon vision of urbanization’s endpoint. Urbanization has been and is
driven by the mix of demand and technology, but we now need, more than ever, an
agreed upon vision and set of principles directing urbanization. We need cities
that minimize environmental impact, reduce the effects of inequality, and
ensure people realize the potential benefits of green space. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So, were ancient cities greener than cites today. Yes and
no. While they had less impact on their local environments, the megalopolises
of today were written into their DNA. The devaluation of nature has always been
a defining feature of cities. Now, more than ever, we need to rethink the
relationship between the city and nature, and rewrite what is coded in a city’s
DNA. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; mso-element: endnote-list; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Childe,</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">V. G. </span></span> (1950). The urban
revolution. Town Planning Review, vol. 21, pg. 3-17.</span></span></p>
</div><br /></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><style>@font-face
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{page:WordSection1;}</style></span></p>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-4625995607375760192022-03-20T16:01:00.001-04:002022-03-20T16:01:27.258-04:00Avoiding scientific McCarthyism: reversing the recent call to punish Russian scientists<div class="separator"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <br /></p></div><p class="MsoNormal">A recent call for punishing individual
Russian scientists, instead of institutions and political power holders, is a wrong-headed
and mean-spirited response to the atrocities of the Russian war on Ukraine. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="200" 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width="198" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Russia’s illegal war against Ukraine is an abomination of
any ethical or moral norm, and Russia deserves to be held accountable and
liable for the resulting humanitarian and economic costs. One powerfully
employed punishment has been severe and expansive sanctions meant to ply
direct pressure on Russia’s economic and political elite. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A group of scientists have published an <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R-so9KuedwWe4a5U1zgopHViLBszvwXQ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">open letter</a> in Nature and are
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bFt-nKwxd84fjomBSovV0HjxAnfbxfM3/view?usp=sharing">requesting signatories</a> for a call to end scientific cooperation with Russian
scientists. This appeal requests that international funders, publishers,
societies and individual scientists should immediately endeavour:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to block access to all scientometric databases
and materials of scientific</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">publishers for citizens and institutions of
the Russian Federation and Belarus;</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to make it impossible for researchers affiliated
with institutions and scientific</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">institutions of the Russian Federation and
Belarus to participate in international grant programs funded by the European Union and
other partners;</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to suspend participation of researchers,
students and institutions from the</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Russian Federation and Belarus in current
international academic mobility programs;</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to boycott attempts at holding scientific events
on the territory of the Russian</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Federation and Belarus (in particular,
scientific conferences, symposiums, etc.);</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to suspend indexing of scientific materials
published in the Russian Federation</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">and Belarus in all scientometric databases;</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>to prohibit citizens of the Russian Federation
and Belarus from being</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">editors/co-editors/reviewers of international
publications.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To be clear, these actions will do harm, and are unlikely to
effect change in Russian policy. These measures are meant to be punitive. Only number 4 on the list above makes sense. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have Russian scientific collaborators and I have been in
contact with them. They use subtle language to communicate their disagreement with Russia's war
and that they hope for an end to it. They write e-mails as if someone is watching. Because
someone is watching. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The political climate in Russia is one that is extremely
dangerous for internationally connected Russians and for those who do not agree
with or support Putin. Putin recently opined that Russia needed a cleansing and traitors to be spit out like flies. Countless Russians died in previous political cleansings. To demand that scientists renounce the Russian war in
order to participate in global funding and information exchange, as the appeal
does, is oblivious to the risks individuals face in Russia for expressing views that counter political decrees. This appeal comes
across as insensitive and, quite frankly, ignorant. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As an Editor of a journal, I strive to ensure that
information is disseminated broadly and that we are as inclusive as possible by
assembling diverse teams of editors. As the head of a lab, I endeavour to
provide opportunities to a diverse group of students and researchers. I have
supported and worked with students and researchers from many countries,
including some from countries controlled by repressive and authoritarian regimes.
I prioritize these types of engagement because I believe that this promotes global inclusion and expands the worldviews of people that
can help turn the political tide in their own countries, or to provide
leadership when dictators finally fall. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">What should we be doing as scientists? We should support Ukraine
and Ukrainians, and we should pressure our own governments to do more, including creating a no-fly zone in Ukraine. Further,
we should maintain our ties to those inside of Russia and keep the lines of communication
open, and let those who are disheartened by what their country is doing that they are still part of the wider world. These international ties
might be important for what comes next in Russia. </p>
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{margin-bottom:0cm;}</style></p>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-74321186382471488282021-09-21T13:42:00.001-04:002021-09-21T13:42:48.713-04:00Dazzling Dolphins in Decline: Conflicts between Conservation and Fisheries <p> Guest post by recent UTSC MEnvSc graduate, Samantha Lalonde</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do some people seem to know which career they are
going to pursue seemingly before they can even walk? Do they just wake up one
morning and decide that they want to be a dentist? In my case, I had no idea
what I wanted to do all throughout primary school and most of high school.
Then, I was presented with a life-changing opportunity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In high school,
I was offered the chance to volunteer in the Amazon rainforest in Peru with </span><a href="https://www.opwall.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Operation Wallacea</span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.opwall.com/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Operation
Wallacea","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Conservation
Research
Expeditions","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d2d0f8e0-f8ca-3180-bcc1-dee2f3fa4b7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>3</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"3","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>3</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">3</span></sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, a conservation
research organization. I lived on a riverboat in the </span><a href="https://www.peru.travel/en/attractions/pacaya-samiria-national-reserve"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pacaya Samiria
National Reserve</span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.peru.travel/en/attractions/pacaya-samiria-national-reserve","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"PROMPERU","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Pacaya
Samiria Nature Reserve","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=61eef212-05d4-31c5-9924-59a88ce84842"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>4</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"4","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>4</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> where I completed
field surveys of birds, reptiles, fish, and plants with local and international
researchers. I quickly realized that I enjoyed doing field work and studying populations
of species. But it was one particular morning, while we were gliding peacefully
along the narrow river in our small boat, that I realized that I wanted to
pursue studies in conservation. A sound broke the silence; the unmistakable
sound of a dolphin breaching the surface of the water to breath. It was then
that I was introduced to the dazzling pink river dolphin. I had never even
heard of these unique charismatic animals until embarking on this trip. But I
couldn’t imagine how anyone, after seeing these creatures, could ever harm
them. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After pursuing a degree in environmental science and
studying the complex ecological, social, and economic factors surrounding
conservation science, I now understand that life isn’t as simple as I thought
it was in that moment. People have differing beliefs, priorities, and
opportunities for education. All of this to say that the Amazonian river
dolphins are in decline, and I’m here to explain to past me (and present you since
you’re here) why their conservation isn’t such a clear-cut matter. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vstzYZxLmqM/YUoX-rJEruI/AAAAAAAADYg/a_cMGVMwW3krX2_Fz3N1DyeHkFRsRTWqACLcBGAsYHQ/s290/sam1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="290" height="306" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vstzYZxLmqM/YUoX-rJEruI/AAAAAAAADYg/a_cMGVMwW3krX2_Fz3N1DyeHkFRsRTWqACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h306/sam1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Boto river dolphin – Mr Devotor / Charismatic
Planet</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Dolphins","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bcfe7e48-775d-3a29-8070-eb9a48cfc945"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>1</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"1","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>1</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>1</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bs95o_QZUho/YUoX_7YjaKI/AAAAAAAADYs/hjlXjR2KdZU-sOrL2wJVmgke64rz8bZ4wCPcBGAYYCw/s242/sam2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="242" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bs95o_QZUho/YUoX_7YjaKI/AAAAAAAADYs/hjlXjR2KdZU-sOrL2wJVmgke64rz8bZ4wCPcBGAYYCw/w400-h276/sam2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tucuxi river dolphin – Gregory R. Mann / Ocean
Treasures</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:107%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Dolphin","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=85f7a811-bb57-3137-9784-7ade5e051cd3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>2</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"2","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>2</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>2</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The Amazon basin is home to two dolphin species – the
boto or Amazon river dolphin and the tucuxi dolphin. The boto dolphin is larger
and completely pink, compared to the tucuxi dolphin, which has a pale pink
stomach. The </span><a href="https://www.iucn.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">International Union
for Conservation of Nature</span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">5</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (IUCN), an
organization working on conservation and sustainable use of natural resources,
has assessed both dolphin species under the </span><a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">IUCN Red List</span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. The IUCN Red List
provides information on global species habitat and ecology as well as threats
they are facing. </span><a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/190871/17583369#taxonomy"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tucuxi</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> was classified as “Data
Deficient” in 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><sup>7</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, meaning that there
is limited information on the threats, ecology, and population trends for this
species. Up until recently, the </span><a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10831/50358152"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">boto dolphin</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> was also listed as
“Data Deficient”, but in 2018, it was uplisted to “Endangered”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><sup>8</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> due to studies
showing large declines in their numbers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The uplisting of the boto dolphin to “Endangered” by
the IUCN was in part influenced by a study by da Silva and colleagues</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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river dolphins occur only in the rivers of Asia and South America, where they
are increasingly subject to damaging pressures such as habitat degradation,
food competition and entanglement in fishing gear as human populations expand.
The Amazon basin hosts two, very different, dolphins—the boto or Amazon river
dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the smaller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Both
species have wide geographical ranges and were once considered to be relatively
abundant. Their IUCN Red List conservation status of Data Deficient (DD), due
to limited information on threats, ecology, population numbers and trends, did
not initially cause alarm. However, the development of dolphin hunting to
provide fish bait at around the beginning of this millennium broadly coincided
with the onset of a widespread perception that numbers of both species were in
decline. Consequently, the need for population trend data to inform
conservation advice and measures became urgent. This paper presents a 22-year
time series of standardised surveys for both dolphins within the Mamirauá
Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Analysis of these data show that both species
are in steep decline, with their populations halving every 10 years (botos) and
9 years (tucuxis) at current rates. These results are consistent with
published, independent information on survival rates of botos in this area,
which demonstrated a substantial drop in annual survival, commencing at around
the year 2000. Mamirauá is a protected area, and is subject to fewer
environmental pressures than elsewhere in the region, so there is no reason to
suspect that the decline in dolphins within the Reserve is more pronounced than
outside it. If South America’s freshwater cetaceans are to avoid following
their Asian counterparts on the path to a perilous conservation status, effective
conservation measures are required immediately. Enforcement of existing fishery
laws would greatly assist in achieving
this.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silva","given":"Vera
M.F.","non-dropping-particle":"Da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Freitas","given":"Carlos
E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dias","given":"Rodrigo
L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martin","given":"Anthony
R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS
ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","5","1"]]},"page":"e0191304","publisher":"Public
Library of Science","title":"Both cetaceans in the
Brazilian Amazon show sustained, profound population declines over two
decades","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=52ee1da5-c7d7-3c3a-b192-ca54dca8298a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>9</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"9","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>9</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> in 2018 that looked
at long term changes in river dolphin populations. In this study, dolphin
surveys were completed monthly from 1994 to 2017 in one of the largest
conservation areas of the Brazilian Amazon – the Mamirauá Sustainable
Development Reserve (MSDR). Despite being legally protected</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silva","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trujillo","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martin","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zerbini","given":"A.N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crespo","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aliaga-Rossel","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reeves","given":"R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Inia
geoffrensis","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e536a0ae-9bd6-37a2-b1a6-da28ed9f6f48"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>8</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"8","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>8</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">8</span></sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (bans on commercial
fishing in the reserve), the number of botos counted during the surveys halved
every 10 years, and the number of tucuxi every 9 years. Why was this happening?
The areas in which the researchers were doing their surveys had not significantly
increased in human population, food sources for the dolphins were still
abundant, and the region had not been affected by dams or mining. The
researchers concluded that there was no other obvious reason for declines in
dolphin populations other than fishery-related mortality. They noted that the
human population in Amazonia is growing rapidly, and so too is their demand for
fish. The use of gillnets (a wall of netting that hangs in the water column)
was found to have greatly increased during the two decades that the researchers
study took place. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KPzWZD369mc/YUoYApLZQAI/AAAAAAAADYw/aHyg7KEgJXgr_DhTu4m7mGwfwtyJHhBHgCPcBGAYYCw/s258/Sam3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="233" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KPzWZD369mc/YUoYApLZQAI/AAAAAAAADYw/aHyg7KEgJXgr_DhTu4m7mGwfwtyJHhBHgCPcBGAYYCw/w361-h400/Sam3.png" width="361" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gillnets catch fish
that swim into it and catch them by their gills </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 200%;">S. Maugeri / FAO</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:white'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"http://www.fao.org/3/X6935E/X6935E00.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maugeri","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"FOOD
AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FAO","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]},"title":"fishing
with bottom
gillnets","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ffe0420e-7d91-37a3-ab5f-322bcc3e7378"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>10</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"10"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 200%;"><sup>10</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:white'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A recently published study by another group of
researchers, Campbell and colleagues</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125859","ISSN":"16171381","abstract":"The
freshwater tucuxi (Sotalia flluviatilis) and the Amazon River dolphin (Inia
geoffrensis) are endemic to the Amazon-Orinoco river basin. Their conservation
is hindered by human disturbance and uncertainty about total population size
and distribution. In this study, we used rapid assessment questionnaires to
identify threats to river dolphins in Peru and to identify priority areas for
their further study and conservation. We administered questionnaires to fishers
(surveyed 2010 n = 162, 2015 n = 251) and community members (surveyed 2015
only; n = 118) at 12 landing ports of the Peruvian Amazon, asking questions
about their knowledge, perception and interactions with river dolphins.
Dolphins were observed by interviewed fishers based across all ports except for
Aguaytia port, which was subsequently excluded from further analysis. Across
the sampled ports in 2010, an average of 86 % of fishers (range: 59–100%; n = 8
ports) associated dolphins with negative economic impacts, largely due to net
damage with similar findings in the more extensive survey in 2015 (74%,
27–100%; n = 11 ports). Bycatch of dolphins was also reported in 11 ports, with
a higher incidence in the Loreto, where up to 10 bycaught individuals per
fisher per year were reported for both time periods. The use of dolphins as
bait has been practised from at least 2010 (2010: 31% of fishers, 11–57%; 2015:
31%, 0–63%) and is prevalent (>40%) in four of the surveyed ports
(Caballococha, Bagazan, Requena and Manantay). Our study can be used as a first
reference to guide monitoring of river dolphin populations in priority areas.
Future efforts should revisit and extend this survey to other ports in Peru.
Doing so will enable detection of trends in fisheries conflicts with river
dolphins and improve the estimation of bycatch and direct take of dolphins in
the Peruvian
Amazon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Campbell","given":"Elizabeth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mangel","given":"Jeffrey
C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alfaro-Shigueto","given":"Joanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mena","given":"Jose
Luis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thurstan","given":"Ruth
H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Godley","given":"Brendan
J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal
for Nature
Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","8","1"]]},"page":"125859","publisher":"Elsevier
GmbH","title":"Coexisting in the Peruvian Amazon:
Interactions between fisheries and river dolphins","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=114c4153-5293-3dc1-8136-9ad631c4206d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>11</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"11","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>10</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>11</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, looked into how
fisheries and river dolphins are interacting in the Peruvian Amazon. They used
questionnaires that asked about fishing habits, fisher interactions with
dolphins, and fisher perceptions and beliefs regarding boto and tucuxi
dolphins. Community members who were not directly involved in fishing were also
given questionnaires to gather information about beliefs and perceptions about
river dolphins and the selling of dolphin body parts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most fishers interviewed by the researchers had a
negative perception of river dolphins and stated that they had had conflicts
with dolphins in their fishing areas. The biggest problems they reported were
dolphins getting tangled up in their nets and damaging fishing gear, dolphins
stealing fish, and boto dolphins being aggressive towards their boats. These
have economic impacts for fishers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A big problem in dolphin conservation is dolphin
by-catch, where fishers are trying to catch specific types of fish but
unintentionally also catch dolphins. The study estimated a minimum of 182
dolphins being unintentionally caught per year across the fishers they surveyed.
Given this, there may be upwards of 2,000 dolphins being bycaught over the
entire area they sampled when you take into account the estimated 9735 fishers
working in the area. Even this is a conservative estimate, given that the
catching of dolphins is illegal, and so the fishers who filled out the
questionnaires likely reported fewer catches than they would have otherwise. Bycaught
dolphins may be released alive, dead, or kept and sold as bait or for
traditional use. A third of fishers reported knowing someone who used dolphin
parts as bait, and 56% of community member reported knowing where dolphin parts
were sold. However, only 26% of community members stated that they knew that
river dolphins were a legally protected species. River dolphins are primarily used
as bait for the rapidly expanding piracatinga (catfish) fishery in South
America, despite this practice being illegal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 2015, the Brazilian government announced a </span><a href="https://iucn-csg.org/amazon-dolphins-as-fish-bait-brazil-introduces-a-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fishing/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5-year prohibition</span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://iucn-csg.org/amazon-dolphins-as-fish-bait-brazil-introduces-a-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fishing/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"IUCN
– SSC Cetacean Specialist
Group","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"Amazon
dolphins as fish bait: Brazil introduces a moratorium on piracatinga
fishing","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=555c33e3-6d3f-3007-9801-6b147a4dc044"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>12</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"12","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>11</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>12</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> on the sale and trade
of piracatinga with the intention of putting an end to dolphin hunting. River
dolphin conservation is challenging because these fishers have no economic
alternatives and there is limited presence of governmental organizations and
strategies to help deal with this</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"978-958-8554-10-5","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trujillo","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crespo","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Damme","given":"P.A.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Usma","given":"J.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"WWF,
Fundación Omacha, WDS, WDCS,
Solamac","publisher-place":"Bogotá, D.C., Colombia","title":"The
Action Plan for South American River Dolphins
2010-2020","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2bfa1e60-6c2d-3d4a-a486-3f0e4a6b19e8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>13</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"13","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>12</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">13</span></sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Fishing is practiced
by most families living by the river in these areas to meet basic needs and is
also one of the leading economic activities in the Amazon. The annual revenue
of fishing activities is approximately 80 million USD in the Peruvian Amazon
basin</span><!--[if supportFields]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125859","ISSN":"16171381","abstract":"The
freshwater tucuxi (Sotalia flluviatilis) and the Amazon River dolphin (Inia
geoffrensis) are endemic to the Amazon-Orinoco river basin. Their conservation
is hindered by human disturbance and uncertainty about total population size
and distribution. In this study, we used rapid assessment questionnaires to
identify threats to river dolphins in Peru and to identify priority areas for
their further study and conservation. We administered questionnaires to fishers
(surveyed 2010 n = 162, 2015 n = 251) and community members (surveyed 2015
only; n = 118) at 12 landing ports of the Peruvian Amazon, asking questions
about their knowledge, perception and interactions with river dolphins.
Dolphins were observed by interviewed fishers based across all ports except for
Aguaytia port, which was subsequently excluded from further analysis. Across
the sampled ports in 2010, an average of 86 % of fishers (range: 59–100%; n = 8
ports) associated dolphins with negative economic impacts, largely due to net
damage with similar findings in the more extensive survey in 2015 (74%,
27–100%; n = 11 ports). Bycatch of dolphins was also reported in 11 ports, with
a higher incidence in the Loreto, where up to 10 bycaught individuals per
fisher per year were reported for both time periods. The use of dolphins as
bait has been practised from at least 2010 (2010: 31% of fishers, 11–57%; 2015:
31%, 0–63%) and is prevalent (>40%) in four of the surveyed ports
(Caballococha, Bagazan, Requena and Manantay). Our study can be used as a first
reference to guide monitoring of river dolphin populations in priority areas.
Future efforts should revisit and extend this survey to other ports in Peru.
Doing so will enable detection of trends in fisheries conflicts with river
dolphins and improve the estimation of bycatch and direct take of dolphins in
the Peruvian
Amazon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Campbell","given":"Elizabeth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mangel","given":"Jeffrey
C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alfaro-Shigueto","given":"Joanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mena","given":"Jose
Luis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thurstan","given":"Ruth
H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Godley","given":"Brendan
J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal
for Nature
Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","8","1"]]},"page":"125859","publisher":"Elsevier
GmbH","title":"Coexisting in the Peruvian Amazon:
Interactions between fisheries and river dolphins","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=114c4153-5293-3dc1-8136-9ad631c4206d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>11</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"11","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>10</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">11</span></sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. It is not surprising
then, that the fishers in the state of Amazonas immediately pushed for a </span><a href="https://infoamazonia.org/pt/2015/03/amazon-fishermen-want-to-reduce-time-of-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fish/#!/story=post-12510&loc=-4.389559200000014,-64.55674760000001,7"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">reduced length of the
ban</span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://infoamazonia.org/pt/2015/03/amazon-fishermen-want-to-reduce-time-of-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fish/#!/story=post-12510&loc=-4.389559200000014,-64.55674760000001,7","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"InfoAmazonia","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"2015","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Pescadores
do Amazonas querem reduzir tempo da moratória da piracatinga (EN: Fishermen
from Amazonas want to reduce the moratorium on
piracatinga)","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0faab114-16c5-3103-a533-71b70b8ab09c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>14</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"14","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>13</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>14</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Additionally, in their paper, da Silva and colleagues
saw no improvement in dolphin numbers from 2015 to 2017, and suggested that
this ban was widely ignored</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span></span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0191304","ISSN":"19326203","PMID":"29718917","abstract":"Obligate
river dolphins occur only in the rivers of Asia and South America, where they
are increasingly subject to damaging pressures such as habitat degradation,
food competition and entanglement in fishing gear as human populations expand.
The Amazon basin hosts two, very different, dolphins—the boto or Amazon river
dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the smaller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Both
species have wide geographical ranges and were once considered to be relatively
abundant. Their IUCN Red List conservation status of Data Deficient (DD), due
to limited information on threats, ecology, population numbers and trends, did
not initially cause alarm. However, the development of dolphin hunting to
provide fish bait at around the beginning of this millennium broadly coincided
with the onset of a widespread perception that numbers of both species were in
decline. Consequently, the need for population trend data to inform
conservation advice and measures became urgent. This paper presents a 22-year
time series of standardised surveys for both dolphins within the Mamirauá
Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Analysis of these data show that both species
are in steep decline, with their populations halving every 10 years (botos) and
9 years (tucuxis) at current rates. These results are consistent with
published, independent information on survival rates of botos in this area,
which demonstrated a substantial drop in annual survival, commencing at around
the year 2000. Mamirauá is a protected area, and is subject to fewer
environmental pressures than elsewhere in the region, so there is no reason to
suspect that the decline in dolphins within the Reserve is more pronounced than
outside it. If South America’s freshwater cetaceans are to avoid following
their Asian counterparts on the path to a perilous conservation status,
effective conservation measures are required immediately. Enforcement of
existing fishery laws would greatly assist in achieving
this.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silva","given":"Vera
M.F.","non-dropping-particle":"Da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Freitas","given":"Carlos
E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dias","given":"Rodrigo
L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martin","given":"Anthony
R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS
ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","5","1"]]},"page":"e0191304","publisher":"Public
Library of Science","title":"Both cetaceans in the
Brazilian Amazon show sustained, profound population declines over two
decades","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=52ee1da5-c7d7-3c3a-b192-ca54dca8298a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>9</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"9","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>9</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I have come a long way since that first glimpse into
conservation science all those years ago in Peru. I know now that when we see
these types of debates, we have to remember that conservation is complex, and
everyone has different opportunities, perceptions, and priorities. Conservation
isn’t just about counting animals from a riverboat. Efforts to safeguard
species have to consider the ecological, economic, and social factors
surrounding an issue to truly be effective. In this case, clear and enforceable
regulations have to be put in place by the government to protect river dolphins.
The 5-year ban on piracatinga sale, for example, expired in January 2020 and </span><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/amazon-river-dolphin-2646191674.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">has not been renewed</span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.ecowatch.com/amazon-river-dolphin-2646191674.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","10","28"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mongabay
-
EcoWatch","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Brazil's
Amazon River Dolphin Faces Extinction After Fishing Moratorium
Ends","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d82b917d-df5e-3f38-9480-71d7b035bbb6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"<sup>15</sup>","plainTextFormattedCitation":"15","previouslyFormattedCitation":"<sup>14</sup>"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>15</sup></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Research into
population trends must continue, as well as ways to decrease bycatch. Finally,
increased efforts must be put into decreasing the economic reliance of fishers
on the sales of river dolphins for bait in the Amazon basin. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although the thought of juggling all these components
of conservation can seem daunting at times, the challenge and the reward of
successful conservation and management are worth the effort. I can only hope
that more people will rise to the challenge to help the animal that ignited my
passion for wildlife conservation all those years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">1. Mr Devotor. The Facts of Amazon River
Dolphins. https://www.charismaticplanet.com/facts-amazon-river-dolphins/
(2019).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">2. Mann, G. R. Tucuxi Dolphin. <i>2019</i>
http://otlibrary.com/tucuxi-dolphin/.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">3. Operation Wallacea. Conservation
Research Expeditions. https://www.opwall.com/ (2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">4. PROMPERU. Pacaya Samiria Nature Reserve.
https://www.peru.travel/en/attractions/pacaya-samiria-national-reserve.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">5. IUCN. International Union for
Conservation of Nature . https://www.iucn.org/ (2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">6. IUCN Red List. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">7. Secchi, E. Sotalia fluviatilis. The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species 2012. e.T190871A17583369.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190871A17583369.en (2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">8. da Silva, V. et al. Inia geoffrensis.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T10831A50358152.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10831A50358152.en (2018).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">9. Da Silva, V. M. F., Freitas, C. E. C.,
Dias, R. L. & Martin, A. R. Both cetaceans in the Brazilian Amazon show
sustained, profound population declines over two decades. <i>PLoS One</i> 13,
e0191304 (2018).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">10. Maugeri, S. fishing with bottom gillnets. <i>FOOD
AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FAO</i>
http://www.fao.org/3/X6935E/X6935E00.htm (1980).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">11. Campbell, E. <i>et al.</i> Coexisting in
the Peruvian Amazon: Interactions between fisheries and river dolphins. <i>J.
Nat. Conserv.</i> 56, 125859 (2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">12. IUCN – SSC Cetacean Specialist Group.
Amazon dolphins as fish bait: Brazil introduces a moratorium on piracatinga
fishing.
https://iucn-csg.org/amazon-dolphins-as-fish-bait-brazil-introduces-a-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fishing/
(2019).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">13. Trujillo, F., Crespo, E., Van Damme, P. A.
& Usma, J. S. <i>The Action Plan for South American River Dolphins
2010-2020</i>. (WWF, Fundación Omacha, WDS, WDCS, Solamac, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">14. InfoAmazonia. Pescadores do Amazonas
querem reduzir tempo da moratória da piracatinga (EN: Fishermen from Amazonas
want to reduce the moratorium on piracatinga). <i>2015</i>
https://infoamazonia.org/pt/2015/03/amazon-fishermen-want-to-reduce-time-of-moratorium-on-piracatinga-fish/#!/story=post-12510&loc=-4.389559200000014,-64.55674760000001,7.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -32.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">15. Mongabay - EcoWatch. Brazil’s Amazon River
Dolphin Faces Extinction After Fishing Moratorium Ends.
https://www.ecowatch.com/amazon-river-dolphin-2646191674.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1
(2020).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-61181076452190706882021-06-15T05:08:00.000-04:002021-06-15T05:08:03.296-04:00Increasing diversity of COVID-19 strains: insights into evolutionary divergence and public health<p> To be clear, I am not a virologist, nor am I a public health expert. But I do know how to analyze patterns of evolutionary diversity. Research into the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has given rise to the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly enhanced our understanding of global disease dynamics, mRNA vaccines and public health responses to a global crisis. But the COVID-19 pandemic also has the potential to provide fundamental insights into basic ecological and evolutionary processes. </p><p>While a lot has been written about how COVID-19 lock-downs have had noticeable repercussions on <a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/03/COVID19-air-pollution.html" target="_blank">air quality</a> and <a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2021/03/covid-19-and-nature-is-wildlife.html" target="_blank">wildlife in cities</a>, the virus lends itself as a microcosm into natural world dynamics. SARS-CoV-2 is now the most studied non-human organism on Earth, and we've witnessed its spread across the globe (which provides <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(20)30134-8" target="_blank">insights into invasion biology</a>), it has spread exponentially in populations at times (showcasing the <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0244536" target="_blank">power of models to predict spread</a>), and its rapid diversification is evolution in real time.</p><p>Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 strain diversity is generated is of fundamental importance for public health policies. And SARS-CoV-2 is <a href="https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1751-7915.13800" target="_blank">evolving and diversifying</a>. In Ontario, Canada, we have a wonderful resource from <a href="https://www.publichealthontario.ca/" target="_blank">Public Health Ontario</a> that <a href="https://nextstrain.publichealthontario.ca/ncov" target="_blank">publishes data on the evolution of strain diversity and provides a wonderful graphical interface</a>. This interface focuses on the SARS-CoV-2 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" target="_blank">phylogeny</a> (that is the evolutionary family tree connecting strains to their ancestors) in Ontario.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8G8W9dPGZQY/YMhmRK5AyMI/AAAAAAAACjY/_g_O-Jm49dITiD2s-X-vavH8N3N9KiT8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1532/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-06-15%2Bat%2B4.34.42%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="1532" height="185" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8G8W9dPGZQY/YMhmRK5AyMI/AAAAAAAACjY/_g_O-Jm49dITiD2s-X-vavH8N3N9KiT8QCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h185/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-06-15%2Bat%2B4.34.42%2BAM.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An example phylogeny<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p>Using their open data, I addressed a simple question, <i>is the evolutionary diversity (measured by the distances separating strains) increasing over time?</i></p><p>To test this, I calculated a statistical measure called the standardized effect size of the mean pairwise distances (SES.MPD) which quantifies the average distances separating strains standardized by random permutations (in this case 500 randomizations) so that a SES.MPD value of 0 means that the evolutionary diversity of a group of strains is no different than a same number of strains randomly selected from the phylogeny. Negative values mean that strains are more closely related on the phylogeny than you expect by chance (referred to as under-dispersed), and positive values mean strains are more distantly related (over-dispersed). I did these calculations for each month since the pandemic hit Ontario (March 2020) and for the seven different regions of Ontario.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tw6eOAaVv2A/YMhpH0E8-xI/AAAAAAAACjg/Kaaeh3hox-8kNu9_SFBMBUw_5lR495CoACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-06-15%2Bat%2B4.47.09%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="2048" height="328" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tw6eOAaVv2A/YMhpH0E8-xI/AAAAAAAACjg/Kaaeh3hox-8kNu9_SFBMBUw_5lR495CoACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h328/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-06-15%2Bat%2B4.47.09%2BAM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Analysis of the standardized effect size of the mean pairwise distances (SES.MPD) of SARS-CoV-2 strains across the seven regions in Ontario since the start of the pandemic. The dashed horizontal line indicates a value of 0 (no different than random expectation) and points outside of the grey box are statistically significantly different than random.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>What I found was that early on in the pandemic, the strains were under-dispersed, meaning that they were more closely related and genetically similar than expected by chance. But over time the dissimilarity between strains increases and by May 2021 (the last data in the graphs), many of Ontario's regions had significantly over-dispersed strains. This means that strains found in the populations in May 2021 were generally more dissimilar from one another than early on.</p><p>Why this matters is that vaccines and other treatments are typically developed on a single strain or from samples collected at a specific time point. If strains are relatively genetically similar, then it is highly probable that treatments will be successful across the strains. However, as strains diversify and become more dissimilar, then treatments might become less effective overall. </p><p>Had the spreading infection been dominated by single strains, with very few newer strains replacing older ones, we would expect that the SES.MPD values remain below zero, and would make it easier to track strains and adapt treatments. <br /></p><p>These patterns are also valuable for insights into ecology and evolution. We often look at SES.MPD values to interpret how different processes structure diversity (like competition, predation, pollution, etc.), but we often don't have good evidence of how historical evolutionary processes can drive SES.MPD differences. The plots above show that rapid evolutionary diversification results in linearly increasing SES.MPD values. <br /></p>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-12703660376271710962021-03-26T15:22:00.003-04:002021-03-26T15:23:39.429-04:00Podcast: Burrow-dwelling solitary bees and the winter of their demise<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><p style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> <i style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;"> <br /></span></i></p><p style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><i style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;"> </span></i></p><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Guest podcast by <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/biosci/welcome-biological-sciences" target="_blank">UTSC Biology </a>students: Gillian Sauder and Nyx Radu<br /></div><br /><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Burrow-dwelling solitary bees determine their entry into winter diapause based solely based on temperature, this raises the question; are rising global temperatures delaying diapause in these bees? And how will these diapause delays impact their limited energy reserves and survival rates? Find out on the first and only episode of the hit podcast that one person described as "as educational and depressing as a real conservation biology degree" and which alien archaeologists will describe as "an exemplary demonstration of humanity's damning tendency to joke about their problems rather than fix them." Life: How It's All Dying (Winter Edition) is available now on a blog near you. <br /></div></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe height="140" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dQcqepkJMl2mWqB-yxrF6QNJbSk4jX9x/preview" width="300"></iframe></div>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-39949073894019288632021-03-18T14:46:00.002-04:002021-03-18T14:47:57.038-04:00COVID-19 and nature: Is wildlife conservation also in “lockdown”?<span style="font-family: arial;">Guest post by Nina Adamo, Masters of Environmental Science Candidate at the University of Toronto-Scarborough</span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Within the surge of news coverage for the COVID-19 pandemic, you may have
heard about the increase in the reporting of wildlife sightings in some urban
areas across the globe, such as in this <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/photos-wildlife-animals-take-to-streets-as-people-take-shelter-indoors-1.5519538">CBC
article</a>. With less people venturing outside of their homes in efforts to prevent
the spread of the coronavirus, the media in multiple countries around the globe
have been reporting more sightings of wildlife that are usually rarely or
uncommonly seen in suburban and urban areas.<sup>6,7</sup> This was the case
when a herd of Kashmir goats were seen strolling through the deserted streets
of a town in Wales during the lockdown.<sup>7</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-viCYyagSIAU/YFOaeXS8QbI/AAAAAAAADPk/Ex0Hszy9QEQ2Got1j3XMnTYZ7rgGaR4JQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1180/goats-wales.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1180" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-viCYyagSIAU/YFOaeXS8QbI/AAAAAAAADPk/Ex0Hszy9QEQ2Got1j3XMnTYZ7rgGaR4JQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h426/goats-wales.webp" width="640" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A herd of Kashmir
goats roaming the empty streets of a town in Wales.<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This also
happened in Toronto, Canada this past summer, where foxes were seen denning in
typically busy areas of the city during lockdown.<sup>2 </sup>To read more
about the <i>Tale of Toronto’s boardwalk
foxes</i>, check out this <a href="https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/toronto-boardwalk-foxes-coronavirus-lockdown/">article</a> in Maclean’s magazine. What does this unusual and greater number of wildlife
sightings in urbanized areas mean for wildlife behaviour and
wildlife conservation as a whole?<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></div><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VKBE45sOWnM/YFOa5RQ7hMI/AAAAAAAADPs/jZ4iERgWrucHirCiOfitNPw0QAmQU7ftwCLcBGAsYHQ/s636/nina2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="636" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VKBE45sOWnM/YFOa5RQ7hMI/AAAAAAAADPs/jZ4iERgWrucHirCiOfitNPw0QAmQU7ftwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/nina2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Fox kits on the boardwalk of Woodbine beach in the
city of Toronto, Canada.<sup>4</sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The “rolling
lockdowns” implemented as strategies to contain the novel coronavirus have
severely restricted human activities, and have had cascading effects through
public health systems and economies.<sup>6 </sup>What is less clear however, is
what impacts this sudden change in human behaviour may have on wildlife and
what the long-term implications are for the fate of wildlife conservation
across the globe and into the future. The interaction between our societal
response to COVID-19 and wildlife is a novel and emerging topic that scientists
have only just begun to investigate. Unsurprisingly, initial findings tell a
complex story, where lockdowns have had both positive and negative impacts on wildlife
and the conservation of biodiversity.<sup>1,5,6</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Initial
positive effects of lockdowns on the environment, in general, include reductions in industrial activities and manufacturing, and restrictions on the transport of
natural resources, leading to a decrease in global emissions and an increase in
air and water quality.<sup>1,5</sup> Other studies report decreases in noise
pollution leading to an increase in sightings of animals in cities and harbours,
along with reduced numbers of animals being killed by ships in waterways and by vehicles
on roads.<sup>1,6</sup> Similarly, a study conducted in Italy, the first
country to implement a lockdown, found a greater proportion of sightings of
species such as the crested porcupine in suburban and urban areas in 2020
compared to previous years.<sup>6 </sup>The same study also found
evidence for an increase in the abundance and breeding success of certain
species of birds during lockdown in urban areas, likely due to general decrease
in the presence of humans.<sup>6<o:p></o:p></sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A crucial
point to consider about all of these positive observed effects is that many of
these effects, such as the presence of uncommon animals in urban areas, are likely
to only be temporary and prone to reversal once restrictions are lifted and
humans begin to revert back to pre-lockdown behaviours.<sup>5,6</sup> It is also
worth noting that many observed increases in animal numbers under lockdown
conditions could have resulted from an increase in observation effort with more
people participating in hobbies such as birding due to restrictions on other
activities during lockdowns.<sup>6</sup> Similarly, the greater detection of
bird species could have been attributed to an increase in detection rates because
of a reduction of background traffic noise with less traffic volume in lockdown
conditions.<sup>6</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is
great concern that the COVID-19 pandemic will severely hinder efforts to conserve
biodiversity in the present as well as in the long term.<sup>6</sup> During
lockdown, there have been substantial delays in both species at risk management
efforts and invasive species control programs,<sup>6</sup> reduced funding
available for conservation because of overstressed economies, reductions in wildlife-based
tourism due to travel restrictions, and governmental capacity generally being
prioritized for COVID-19 relief measures.<sup>1,5</sup> The pandemic has
undoubtedly put a strain on our capacity for conservation, and many initiatives
will be playing catch-up to make up for precious lost time, where many
of these conservation efforts are focused on species that are already teetering
on the brink. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Increased
human threats to nature are also expected to occur as a result of the lockdowns.<sup>5,6</sup>
As more people, especially in rural areas, are forced to navigate pandemic-driven
economic downturns, they may have no choice but to turn to protected areas for
resources.<sup>5</sup> In addition to this, the reduced funding available for hiring
patrol staff such as park rangers in protected areas can result in a lower
likelihood of detecting poachers and can lead to an increase in illegal killing
of wildlife, which has been the pattern already observed in multiple places across the globe including Europe, Africa, and Asia.<sup>1,5,6 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGQJXxhe_-s/YFObXDEqOmI/AAAAAAAADP4/tD74lUg4imQr0UQ_sGc_24sKFQr3NCN0QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1544/41559_2020_1275_Fig1_HTML.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1544" data-original-width="685" height="1126" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGQJXxhe_-s/YFObXDEqOmI/AAAAAAAADP4/tD74lUg4imQr0UQ_sGc_24sKFQr3NCN0QCLcBGAsYHQ/w499-h1126/41559_2020_1275_Fig1_HTML.webp" width="499" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Schematic of the potential impacts of the
COVID-19 pandemic on different areas related to the conservation of wildlife in
Africa, with the arrows indicating the directionality of these impacts.<sup>5</sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The surge of research
examining the interaction between societal response to COVID-19 and wildlife
tells a complex story.<sup>6</sup> Although there were some positive effects of
the lockdown observed on wildlife, these will likely only be temporary until
restrictions are lifted, but the potential negative impacts could have
long-lasting effects on the conservation of biodiversity.<sup>5,6</sup> Furthermore,
activities focused on the conservation of species and habitats can also help to
reduce the risk of future pandemics<sup> </sup>as the restrictions
put in place to protect certain species and their habitats can help to reduce our
exposure to species that are a high risk for virus transfer to humans, leading
to a lower risk of future outbreaks and subsequent pandemics.<sup>5</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Overall, although
the COVID-19 lockdowns have shown some initial positive impacts on the
environment and wildlife, there are significant risks associated with these
lockdowns that may negatively impact the effectiveness of wildlife
conservation. In order to effectively prevent the accelerated loss of
biodiversity that could result from lockdowns, countries must ensure funding for conservation actions is not
neglected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">Bates, A. E., Primack, R. B., Moraga, P.,
& Duarte, C. M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a
“Global Human Confinement Experiment” to investigate biodiversity conservation.
</span><i style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">Biological Conservation</i><span style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">, </span><i style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">248</i><span style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">, 108665. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665" style="text-indent: -17.45pt;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Dhopade,
P. (2020, July 7). <i>The tale of Toronto’s
boardwalk foxes</i>. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/toronto-boardwalk-foxes-coronavirus-lockdown/">https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/toronto-boardwalk-foxes-coronavirus-lockdown/</a>
</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Furlong,
C. (2020, April 5). A herd of Kashmir goats invaded a Welsh seaside resort
after the coronavirus lockdown left the streets deserted. <i>Wildlife take to the streets as people stay indoors. </i>[Getty Images].
Retrieved October 26, 2020 from <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/photos-wildlife-animals-take-to-streets-as-people-take-shelter-indoors-1.5519538">https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/photos-wildlife-animals-take-to-streets-as-people-take-shelter-indoors-1.5519538</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: white;">Lautens, R. (2020, July 7). A few of the young kits at Woodbine Beach in
Toronto; when passersby began taking selfies with the animals, a local wildlife
centre intervened. </span><i>The tale of Toronto’s boardwalk foxes</i><span style="background: white;">. [Image]. Retrieved October 23, 2020
from </span><a href="https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/toronto-boardwalk-foxes-coronavirus-lockdown/"><span style="background: white;">https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/toronto-boardwalk-foxes-coronavirus-lockdown/</span></a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Lindsey,
P., Allan, J., Brehony, P., Dickman, A., Robson, A., Begg, C., Bhammar, H.,
Blanken, L., Breuer, T., Fitzgerald, K., Flyman, M., Gandiwa, P., Giva, N.,
Kaelo, D., Nampindo, S., Nyambe, N., Steiner, K., Parker, A., Roe, D., …
Tyrrell, P. (2020). Conserving Africa’s wildlife and wildlands through the
COVID-19 crisis and beyond. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>, <i>4</i>(10),
1300–1310. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1275-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1275-6</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Manenti, R., Mori, E., Di Canio, V., Mercurio,
S., Picone, M., Caffi, M., Brambilla, M., Ficetola, G. F., & Rubolini, D.
(2020). The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife
conservation: Insights from the first European locked down country. <i>Biological
Conservation</i>, <i>249</i>, 108728. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108728">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108728</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Wildlife
take to the streets as people stay indoors. (2020, April 5). Retrieved from <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/photos-wildlife-animals-take-to-streets-as-people-take-shelter-indoors-1.5519538">https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/photos-wildlife-animals-take-to-streets-as-people-take-shelter-indoors-1.5519538</a></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;"><br /></p><br />Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-61607122925374678332021-03-01T14:16:00.000-05:002021-03-01T14:16:28.502-05:00The fork in the road: science versus denialism and conspiracy theories<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zx2lP8svO98/YD06Nt_jw1I/AAAAAAAACAw/ve3DJMcFs8QcV1Q90Zfo-yZVABGKwHHYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s132/info.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="132" data-original-width="132" height="90" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zx2lP8svO98/YD06Nt_jw1I/AAAAAAAACAw/ve3DJMcFs8QcV1Q90Zfo-yZVABGKwHHYgCLcBGAsYHQ/w90-h90/info.jpg" width="90" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">T</span>he world is awash in
information. Never before have people had as much access to humanity’s
collective knowledge as we do today. You want to know when the Normans
conquered England? How many people use Weibo? Or what Machu Picchu would have
looked like in its glory days? Simply pull out your phone and ask Siri. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This cornucopia of knowledge should mean that people are in
the position to make the best decisions possible. From the insurance plans that
best fit their needs to voting for candidates or political parties that support
policies that return optimal outcomes for individuals and society as a whole. Beyond
individuals, this wealth of information should mean that evidence-based policy
would be easy to pursue and outcomes for nations continually improving.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, this is clearly not the case. The availability of
knowledge doesn’t mean that evidence, fact and truth are utilized. Preconceived
belief and ideology are important filters through which evidence is evaluated.
Yet, what is really disheartening about the use of knowledge and evidence is
how others (individuals and organizations) with political and economic agendas
filter and manipulate what is channelled to various audiences. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While we might naively refer to the modern era as one based
on information and the democratization of evidence and knowledge, the reality
is that we live in the era of disinformation. Disinformation is the active and
knowing creation and spread of false information, like politicians saying a
fair election was stolen. Misinformation is the cancerous offspring of
disinformation, where this false information is shared by those unaware of its
nefarious origins. Disinformation and misinformation have the power to derail
robust democracies and motivate atrocities. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">T</span>he study of the origins
and valuation of knowledge is a complex, convoluted and challenging area to say
the least. But it is not esoteric nor just academic. Knowledge and
understanding are the cornerstone of societal well-being, technological
development and ultimately underpin democracy. Public policy driven by
misinformation and dismissal of basic facts is simply ill-equipped to deal with
many of the problems we face. This is easily showcased by the dismal, and
frankly embarrassing, chaotic COVID-19 response in the United States -a clear
failure for proponents of evidence-based policy.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Knowledge and belief arise through a number of different
endeavours that span social influences, logic and reasoning, and, importantly,
the empirical claims of science. Science is the process by which we assess
testable claims about the world. Scientists use accumulated knowledge and
evidence to formulate questions or predictions and then ultimately assess these
against experiments and observation. We commonly ascribe science to the
scientific method, but what scientists actually do and how they go about
developing explanations and testing them is actually quite a bit more
complicated. Philosophers of science, from Popper to Kuhn to Lakatos and on to Lauden
have argued about what demarcates science from other knowledge-gaining
exercises and these debates have, in some ways, been mired by the reliance on a
scientific method that may or may not exist (see <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/scientific-attitude" target="_blank">Lee McIntyre’s <i>The
Scientific Attitude</i></a> for a wonderful overview).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The best way to think about science is to use McIntyre’s lead,
where science is both a process and worldview. It is a process because it has
rules in place to guide how we assess claims about the world. Perhaps more
importantly, as a worldview that scientists subscribe to, we are willing to
test our explanations against fair and unbiased evidence and are willing to
alter our belief in light of countervailing evidence. Explanation and belief
are constantly assessed and refined, or in some cases completely dropped,
because we allow the real world to correct us. I’ve certainly gone through this
process and have changed my thinking about the theories that I work on. More
than once.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6CsAXyYla2E/YD05hEvFNfI/AAAAAAAACAo/GHeAxt1pMMId-W56TfW_08bC8EpxPzwUgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1830/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-03-01%2Bat%2B1.59.03%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1556" data-original-width="1830" height="340" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6CsAXyYla2E/YD05hEvFNfI/AAAAAAAACAo/GHeAxt1pMMId-W56TfW_08bC8EpxPzwUgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h340/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-03-01%2Bat%2B1.59.03%2BPM.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As the figure above indicates, there are multiple avenues to
gain knowledge and empirical science is one of them. I take a broad view of
science, so that it would include a lot of what is done in social sciences. Economics,
for example, can certainly answer the question, based on more than 80 years of empirical
evidence from neoliberal policies, of whether tax cuts or infrastructure investment
result in greater economic growth (it’s the latter). </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">S</span>cience is one route
to knowledge, insight and introspection about ourselves and our place in the
universe. However, on matters of the observable world, it is the most
important. Science starts with testable questions which necessitate the collection
and assessment of evidence (‘facts’), but something can go wrong here. People
who don’t follow the rules of science (like objectivity, honesty and
transparency) and have a pre-ordained conclusion can simply use only evidence
that confirms their belief (confirmation bias) while downplaying damning
evidence that shoots their theory full of holes (refutation bias). Once we hit
this fork, we go down the path to denialism, pseudoscience and conspiracy
theory.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We throw around these last three terms a lot when talking
about anti-science and anti-fact movements like QAnon, anti-vaccine movements
and flat-Earth proponents, but they are not actually synonyms. Though these
three terms are clearly interrelated, and many irrational movements invoke all
three. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism" target="_blank"><b>Denialism</b></a> refers to the refusal to believe empirical
evidence that casts doubt on one’s belief or ideology. No amount of negative
evidence can change the mind of an adherent. Positive evidence is given
extremely high weight, often without critically examining the origins of
evidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But evidence is often not an
important ingredient, it is just convenient when it reinforces belief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" target="_blank"><b>Pseudoscience</b></a> uses the language of science and even
purports to uses empirical evidence and experimentation. However, the preferred
explanation is assumed to be true, and all that is required is the evidence
support it. Opposing explanations are assumed to be wrong, regardless of
empirical support. A classic example was the shift from young-Earth creationism
(which usually fell firmly in the Denialism camp) to intelligent design (ID).
ID attempted to avoid the language of creationism and instead used
technical-sounding concepts like ‘irreducible complexity’ to conclude that a
creator was a necessary ingredient to explain life. Unfortunately, for ID,
proponents’ claims have not been able to withstand rigorous testing, but
proponents will still cling to fragile evidence to support their beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Finally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" target="_blank"><b>conspiracy theory</b></a> has much in common with
denialism, and it can be argued that you need to be a denialist in order to
truly be a conspiracy theorist. However, in order to support their claims, they
go a step further and see a vast collusion of nefarious actors whose primary
agenda is to undermine the ‘truth’. Take for example the recent claims of
election fraud in the USA. Adherents to this conspiracy theory are willing to
believe that dead dictators, Democrat leaders and a vast network of thousands
of election volunteers are all part of an organized attempt to change the outcome
of an election. Without e-mails. Or social media posts. Or any other evidence.
Compare this to the fact that average people could easily figure out the
identities of members of the mob that stormed Congress because of extensive
social media threads and verbal communication with friends and neighbours. This
strange juxtaposition can only lead us to one of two conclusions. Either there
was no election rigging conspiracy, or those who stormed the Capital are idiots
and the thousands of election stealers are just so much smarter.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In all three of these cases, some form of authority or
ideology is given more weight than reality. I have a couple of hypotheses why
this happens, and especially in the USA, where the nationalistic hubris creates
a large gap between the belief about how great one is compared to their reality,
and so instead of accepting reality, feelings and scapegoats trump fact. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The dismissal of evidence has become commonplace in
political life. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnhJWusyj4I" target="_blank">No one said it better than Newt Gringerich</a>.
He basically says that conservative voters believe America is more dangerous
today than in the past, and when the newsperson confronts him with the fact
that crime has been on a downward trajectory for a long time and that we are statistically
safer today than a couple of decades ago, he responds that ‘Liberals’ might
have facts that are theoretically true, but his facts are true too. Remember
Sean Spicer’s ‘alternative facts’, and this thinking has been around for a
while. Have conclusion, need fact.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">C</span>hristmas day 2020,
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/01/wisconsin-pharmacist-vaccine-flatearth/" target="_blank">Wisconsin pharmacist Steven Brandenburg purposely destroyed hundreds of dosesof the Moderna COVID19 vaccine</a>.
Turns out that Mr. Brandenburg believes that the world is flat and that the
Moderna vaccine was designed to harm people and also includes microchips for
tracking. While we might chuckle at the absurdity of these believes, there is a
deeper, more troubling issue at play. Mr. Brandenburg is a pharmacist. Meaning
that he not only has scientific training, but also needs to make evidence-based
decisions to help patients. As a supposedly scientifically literate person, he
could have easily devised ways of testing his claims. For example, take a plane
to Asia, then another to Europe, and then back to the USA. There, the world is
not flat. As for microchips in vaccines, a simple compound microscope ought to
be enough to observe these. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">So, if a pharmacist is not willing to put the effort into
testing easily refutable claims, why would we expect our bank teller, auto
mechanic or Ted Cruz? This goes to the core of the problem. Given the politics
of Truth and fact, science and scientists no longer have any authority for many
people. In fact, just being a scientist might be enough to get you dismissed as
an agenda peddler or a member of some number of absurd conspiracy theories. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">T</span>here is no doubt that
<a href="https://informationisbeautiful.net/beautifulnews/515-lives-saved-vaccines/" target="_blank">vaccines have saved more lives than almost any other medical technology</a>.
Yet no other medical treatment or intervention has elicited more skepticism and
outright rage than vaccines. And yet there is no rational reason for this, the
evidence is very clear. But, there is a denialist and alarmist reason that
plays on parents’ anxiety about the health of their children and mistrust of
science.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In 1998, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" target="_blank">Andrew Wakefield</a> published a <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0/fulltext" target="_blank">paper</a> in the
prestigious journal, <i>Lancet</i>, in which he reported a link between MMR
vaccines and autism. This paper should have never been published. It was based
on a sample size of 12 children, and from which there was evidence that
Wakefield altered data and records. This paper was retracted by the journal,
which is pretty much the worst public humiliation a scientist can experience.
It is a recognition that you broke the sacred rules of science and it is a
shame you wear for the rest of your career. Despite this public shaming,
non-scientific audiences gravitated to his messaging in books and paid
lectures. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Today, many thousands of people believe that vaccines are
bad for children and might cause autism. Of course, these same people would
probably have no problem taking antibiotics for an infection, receiving
chemotherapy for cancer or eating a hotdog when hungry, despite the fact they
probably can’t tell you what exactly is in these. Why vaccines? That is an
interesting question. Maybe it’s just serendipity that this was the fraud
target of Wakefield, or maybe it’s because of the violation of having a needle
pierce your skin, or maybe it is because of the undeniable success of vaccines.
</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This vaccine denialism not only resulted in the re-emergence
of nearly eradicated childhood diseases in places like Paris and Los Angeles,
but it wasted money and time that could have been put to better use research
new therapies. The response required ever increasing numbers of studies to show
that there were no links between vaccines and autism. In one of the largest
assessments, Anders Hviid and colleagues examined and analyzed the health records
of more than 650,000 Danish children for more than 10 years and they simply <a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m18-2101" target="_blank">didnot find any links between MMR vaccines and autism</a>. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you happen to be one that doubts the safety and efficacy of
vaccines, ask yourself why, and where you are getting your information from. Then ask
yourself if you were, unfortunately, diagnosed with cancer, would you trust
your doctor’s request that you start radiation or chemotherapy? If so, despite
not really understanding what constitutes ‘chemotherapy’, you’d trust your doctor's
knowledge and expertise. Why would you dismiss this same doctor when it came to
vaccine advice? You can’t have it both ways, that is irrational. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">S</span>o, where does this
leave us? In a quagmire for sure. But it also means that those of us who
practice, use or teach empirical science have the knowledge and scientific
understanding to engage in dialogues about important issues, whether that is
about climate change or vaccines. It doesn’t mean we need to be political (<a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/12/politics-and-biodiversity-crisis-call.html" target="_blank">but we should engage with political structures</a>), and we don’t need to be dismissive. We can ask
questions to understand peoples’ mistrust or where they are getting their
information from. I find that the best way to engage is to be affirmational and
dispassionate (which can be hard for me). I recently engaged in a conversation
with someone who wasn’t going to get a COVID vaccine and asked a bunch of ‘why’
questions and then started my statements with phrases like “I can understand
why you’d be unsure…” and I laid out the medical and public health facts about
vaccines. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The only way to counter disinformation is with the light of
evidence. Not everyone will abandon their conspiracy theories, but many have
been fed misinformation, and scientific understanding and fact can really help
people make better decisions for themselves. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
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{page:WordSection1;}</span></style></p>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-67807762034791103122021-01-12T15:10:00.000-05:002021-03-18T14:48:35.964-04:00A crack in the green: when ecosystem services become drivers of inequality in cities<div><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Guest post by Marylouisse Feliciano, recent MEnvSc Graduate from the University of Toronto-Scarborough</span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Can health-related ecosystem services actually increase
health inequality? What does the</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> uneven distribution and varying quality of urban green spaces say about social justice in urban environments? Not all park spaces and green
spaces are created equal. As urbanization marches forward, steps </span><i style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">have</i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> to
be taken to address inequalities and prevent this pattern from continuing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Health, urbanization, and parks: what we know</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Nature is
good for your physical and psychological health and wellbeing. The benefits of
spending time in nature is a subject that continues to gain traction, both in
research and among the public sphere. However, as more and more of the
population moves towards urban living, spending time in nature has increasingly
become something of a luxury. Although access to healthcare and health
resources has increased, urban living itself can lead to more sedentary
behaviours and increased exposure to pollution. In addition, there are mental
and emotional aspects of city life that impact public health. Of particular
note are the trends in psychological well-being associated with cities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Consider
the </span><a href="https://www.camh.ca/en/science-and-research/institutes-and-centres/institute-for-mental-health-policy-research/camh-monitor"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">CAMH
Monitor survey</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> in Toronto, which finds that reports of fair or poor mental
health increased from 7.1% to 10.1% between 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, reports
of suicidal thoughts have almost doubled in the same timeframe, and visits to
the CAMH Emergency Department have increased by 70% between 2012 and 2017. Are
there within city trends that we should be paying attention to? One of the most
studied risk factors affecting urban mental health is socio-economic status
(SES). Its association with mental health has been consistent—a </span><a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pmc/articles/PMC5374256/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2017
literature review</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> observed that mood disorders were more frequent among
residents of large cities in Germany (Gruebner
et al., 2017). There are several reasons for this, from the heightened
difficulty in building and sustaining supportive social relationships in
disadvantaged areas to the possibility that people with poor health or life
difficulties move to more “deprived” areas due to lower rent costs.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tjd5VOufHy4/X_32bJkr52I/AAAAAAAADIo/Q1A4o_nGa5g3ieTZjbdBiGpYbj9cstW_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s468/ML1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tjd5VOufHy4/X_32bJkr52I/AAAAAAAADIo/Q1A4o_nGa5g3ieTZjbdBiGpYbj9cstW_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/ML1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div>A greenspace planning workshop in Victoria, BC. Retrieved from: https://www.oala.ca/ground_articles/the-powers-in-the-process/</div><div><br style="text-align: left;" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What
role do urban parks and associated greenspace play? </span><a href="https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2017/april/the-health-benefits-of-small-parks-and-green-spaces/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The list is long</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
At its most basic, urban parks provide space for citizens to participate in
physical activities, such as running and exercising. These spaces provide more
opportunities for people to engage in an active, healthy lifestyle. While physical activity in urban green spaces is no doubt essential, its increasing noted that the</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> psychological benefits of urban park
space should are of equal importance. In addition to being a place where physical activities can occur, parks can act as a space for relaxation and reprieve from noise. As urban lifestyles becomes more
stressful, having a place to distance oneself from that aspect of modern life
can help in </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">preventing emotional distress and crisis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">. These spaces can also foster community and
relationship building. The positive
mental health values of park space can be broadly described as “psychological
ecosystem services”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What we know but don’t admit: park space quality is not
equal</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Socio-economic
status doesn’t just directly affect health. It plays a role in the quality of
park-space, especially in the context of a city. For park space to provide the
psychological ecosystem services they are touted to have, they must be </span><a href="https://link-springer-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8_17"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">maintained
and cared for</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (Branas et al., 2011; Hunter
et al., 2019). Park spaces that are available to low-income communities are
often poorly maintained, vandalized, or even unsafe. Some parks even become
hotspots for drug use, sometimes acting as a gateway to substance abuse and associated
health risks. In light of this, access to the positive psychological ecosystem services that urban green spaces provide are inequitably distributed through many cities around the world.</span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C0fmns1N7BE/X_390JJdGQI/AAAAAAAADI8/JqSL_X3PErI_6cW7JXvHRwD0zIes5UBvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s629/needle1.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="629" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C0fmns1N7BE/X_390JJdGQI/AAAAAAAADI8/JqSL_X3PErI_6cW7JXvHRwD0zIes5UBvgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/needle1.tif" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;">A used needle found in a park in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Retrieved from: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/02/opioid-epidemic-data-drug-addiction-deaths-urban-rural/582502/" style="text-align: left;">https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/02/opioid-epidemic-data-drug-addiction-deaths-urban-rural/582502/</a><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The
issue is more complex than mere park space availability. Whether or not disadvantaged
groups have more or less access to park space is less clear—these neighbourhoods
tend to be in less developed spaces, meaning that they might have more access
to forested park space than people living in typically higher income city
centres. However, the quality of park space has a more predictable trend—it’s
typically of poor quality in disadvantaged communities, and access tends to be negatively associated with average income. For example, a </span><a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pmc/articles/PMC5580619/" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">study</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> in
Portugal found that, although the majority of neighbourhoods had accessible
greenspace, distance to them increased with neighbourhood deprivation (Hoffimann et al., 2017).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Yet, the
group of people who could <i>most</i> benefit from the health aspects of park
space are the disadvantaged, and good access to park space and associated green
space can reduce observed socio-economic and mental health inequalities between
advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Having good park space puts people living
in cities on a </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379715000410"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">more
even playing field</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> health-wise (Mitchell et
al., 2015). However, although this pattern is known, issues with the
quality of park space make it hard to believe that planners are taking the
potential health benefits of park space seriously. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> <span> </span></span>Although findings are mixed regarding geographic access
to greenspace and socio-economic status, the aspect of park quality is less
ambiguous. City planners need to consider both proximity <i>and</i> quality if they wish
to address inequality in access to park space, and the associated health-related ecosystem services they should to provide to </span><i style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">everyone</i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a-PZxIqw1F8/X_33pnHlmwI/AAAAAAAADIw/D3RKh05HbxAxWpgJe3mj3bW-sc49xPYtQCLcBGAsYHQ/s624/raildeck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="624" height="232" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a-PZxIqw1F8/X_33pnHlmwI/AAAAAAAADIw/D3RKh05HbxAxWpgJe3mj3bW-sc49xPYtQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h232/raildeck.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
conceptual rendering of Rail Deck Park in Downtown Toronto. Retrieved from: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/planning-studies-initiatives/rail-deck-park/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/planning-studies-initiatives/rail-deck-park/</span></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When ecosystem services are not for everyone: the cracks we
fall through<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Urban park
spaces provide health-related ecosystem services, and their quality tends to not be distributed equally across cities. Put the two
together and it becomes clear that socio-economic factors are leading to park
spaces not benefitting all urban citizens equally. Of course, there is the
issue of “which came first”: are disadvantaged neighbourhoods provided with poor
quality park space, or does the installation of quality green space lead to
housing prices increasing, making them only affordable to the advantaged
population? Fundamentally, what led to what is less important than taking
action to prevent and remove this trend.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Urban
planning and design can and must do better if it wishes to utilize park space
in a way that doesn’t amplify health inequalities that already exist. Ecosystem
services that are not spread equitably across a populace do a disservice to the
communities that need them the most.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Links</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.camh.ca/en/science-and-research/institutes-and-centres/institute-for-mental-health-policy-research/camh-monitor"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">CAMH
Monitor Survey</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2017/april/the-health-benefits-of-small-parks-and-green-spaces/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National
Recreation and Park Association – Parks & Recreation Magazine</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Branas, C. C., Cheney, R. A., MacDonald, J. M., Tam,
V. W., Jackson, T. D., & Ten Have, T. R. (2011). A
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of Health, Safety, and Greening Vacant Urban
Space. <i>American Journal of Epidemiology</i>, <i>174</i>(11), 1296–1306.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr273<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gruebner, O., A. Rapp, M., Adli, M., Kluge, U., Galea,
S., & Heinz, A. (2017). Cities and Mental Health. <i>Deutsches Ärzteblatt
International</i>, <i>114</i>(8), 121–127.
https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hoffimann, E., Barros, H., & Ribeiro, A. I.
(2017). Socioeconomic Inequalities in Green Space Quality and Accessibility—Evidence
from a Southern European City. <i>International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health</i>, <i>14</i>(8).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080916<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hunter, R. F., Cleary, A., & Braubach, M. (2019).
Environmental, Health and Equity Effects of Urban Green Space Interventions. In
M. R. Marselle, J. Stadler, H. Korn, K. N. Irvine, & A. Bonn (Eds.), <i>Biodiversity
and Health in the Face of Climate Change</i> (pp. 381–409). Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8_17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mitchell, R. J., Richardson, E. A., Shortt, N. K.,
& Pearce, J. R. (2015). Neighborhood Environments and Socioeconomic
Inequalities in Mental Well-Being. <i>American Journal of Preventive Medicine</i>,
<i>49</i>(1), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.017<o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p></div>Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-3243739011884938002020-12-21T10:47:00.002-05:002020-12-21T10:47:14.650-05:00Bright Goes North<p>Guest post by Kate Davies, a recent MEnvSc Graduate from the University of Toronto-Scarborough</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">She could feel the pull
in her body. It was time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">She had done this journey
before, but even the first time it felt familiar. Like a memory that she was
born with.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">She
was called Bright because she was known by the others for her deeply golden
tail feathers and her clear eyes. Bright was late leaving her winter home this
year, and many of the others had left already, departing at the first signs of
change. The air had started to feel heavy signaling that the rains would come
soon. She had to start north before daybreak. Bright hopped around the tree
canopy from branch to branch. She dropped her wings by her sides and fanned her
tail to spook the insects and quickly grab them in her beak. She had spent her
winter in brushy scrubland that was not the best feeding grounds, but she was
older now and had less energy to defend her place in the boggy wetlands filled
with ripe insects. She ate her fill before she spread her wings and started to
carry her small light body out over the immense open waters. Crossing the gulf
was frightening the first time, but she knew even on her first trip that the
sky would end, and she would see green again. She traveled in a loose flock with
some other Redstart females, some yearlings and others Bright knew from previous
flights. She hoped some of her daughters were here, now grown she would not
have known their calls. The males always left first; they would meet them in
the northern home.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0VZDnLXHQZQ/X-DAn3BP_YI/AAAAAAAADEo/7xhyjHo667cgzo5Mtxh-uwIZLJVRi96YwCLcBGAsYHQ/s649/kate1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="649" height="361" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0VZDnLXHQZQ/X-DAn3BP_YI/AAAAAAAADEo/7xhyjHo667cgzo5Mtxh-uwIZLJVRi96YwCLcBGAsYHQ/w456-h361/kate1.jpg" width="456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration by Kate Davies</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">The journey across the gulf lasted into the night, the winds were not
favourable this year. Bright and the others she travelled with were weak and needed
to eat. There was a wetland they </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">had visited as a stop
every year, but Bright was worried they had taken a wrong turn. This was the
right place but there was not water, few plants, and it had been filled with
stone, humans and a glowing hum. It seemed as she flew north every year there
were more angular stone forests filled with humans. Some could tolerate these
stone forests but Bright and her companions preferred trees and grass. The
birds who lived there like pigeons and house sparrows spoke a different
language than the other birds she knew, and some said they came across the
water bigger than the gulf. So, despite their exhaustion the females kept
flying until they could find somewhere to eat and sleep. They had to settle for
an area where the plants all grew in rows, a farm, but there was a river and
some insects so it would do for today. These human places had different dangers
and predators than in the forests and fields. Bright knew to be cautious of
owls, hawks and snakes but where there were humans, other dangers were lurking.
They were too tired to find anywhere else to sleep. Bright noticed that her
party had shrunk by a few - some were so tired they may have rested in the
stone forest. Bright hoped the others would be alright and would catch up to
the group.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">They travelled for a few more days,
finding quiet places to rest. They avoided the stone forests as much as they
could with their bright lights, constant noises and hums. They rested at
another farm on the fifth night. Bright and her companions were huddled in a
dense thicket of bushes near a field and river. They had fallen sound asleep for
the night. In the nearby tall grasses, a pair of green eyes shone in the
moonlight. A barn cat had been stalking the birds, she moved quietly, softer than
the wind. The cat slinked under the low branches of the bush without </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a sound and spotted a
bird on a low branch she could easily reach. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bright opened her eyes to see one of the
yearlings was in the cat’s fangs - she was lost. Bright and her companions moved
to another row of bushes closer to the stream, they were all shaken and tired. Fear
and anxiety overtook the small flock, they didn’t sleep anymore that night. Bright
was relieved when the sun crept over the horizon and they could continue
northward.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PVipH0BxXB8/X-DA8YuXYzI/AAAAAAAADEw/1ktJcgVtA0YAI2_DvyIPGuD5r2Ccfx45QCLcBGAsYHQ/s453/kate%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="446" height="445" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PVipH0BxXB8/X-DA8YuXYzI/AAAAAAAADEw/1ktJcgVtA0YAI2_DvyIPGuD5r2Ccfx45QCLcBGAsYHQ/w438-h445/kate%2B2.jpg" width="438" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration by Kate Davies</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
air was warm, and they had been lucky that there were no storms along the way. They
started to see some males that day, and a few of her companions ended their
journey to find a mate. Bright continued her northward flight as did most of
the females until they made it over the big lake. It was not as big as the gulf,
but it could be dangerous, as there were many humans and stone forests around
the water. There were predators near every shore, some had been here all winter
and were eager for the small songbirds to return so they could fill their bellies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Since
Bright had left late this year, she was eager to build a nest and find a mate.
She decided to end her journey on an island at the north shore of one of the
long lakes. Most of the others continued north. She was near a stone forest but
on an island that was far enough away that the sound of the waves drowned out
the hum and noise. It was the time of year where the air was filled with song
from many different birds. She fluttered around the island listening for males
of her kind, trying to find one who sang strong and clear. She followed a song to
a male high up in a red maple tree. In her mind she identified him as Flicker -
he was very expressive in the way he flicked his tail. He took her to the sites
he had scouted for nesting to see if she approved of any. She was happy that
she would be his first and maybe only mate, which would afford her more
protection. She picked the third site he showed her. It was a dense area of red
dogwood that was covered in fresh young leaves. They were close to a pond in an
area rich with insects. She started to gather twigs and build her nest there
while Flicker stayed close singing to warn others away from his mate and
territory. Together they had four eggs and Bright was happy with her clutch
size; it was more than last spring. She left the nest to find some food in
early morning and Flicker guarded the eggs. She was chasing a particularly
acrobatic fly though the bushes when suddenly a great force stopped her flight
and she fell to the ground. She could feel and taste the warmth of blood in her
mouth, her beak was fractured, her head pounded, and she could not catch her
breath. She had only seen branches before her, it was like a reflective pond in
the air made of stone. Bright wanted to live, she wanted to get up go back to
Flicker and the young. She could not move; she let out her last breath and died.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
new gardener came around back of the building to trim the forsythia that was
long overgrown. At the base of the bush under the window lay a female American
Restart, she was dead. The garden gasped and cried out ‘Oh no!’ Another window
strike, this was the sixth one this month and perhaps it would encourage
management to finally birdproof the windows, thought the gardener. She buried the
bird in the garden with a tear for its loss of life and trimmed the forsythia. On
her break she reported the window strike on the </span><a href="https://flap.org/archive/report-bird-collision.php"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fatal
Light Awareness Project (Flap) website</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> and continued her
duties.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Flicker
realized that Bright would not return - what had become of her? He could not
care for the babies alone. He would have to leave them. He sung a mournful song
for Bright and flew off in search of a new mate hoping that it wasn’t too late.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Further
Reading and References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;">Further reading: Online resources</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Cornell Lab - All about birds – American Redstart <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Overview: </span><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Redstart/overview"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Redstart/overview</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Species account: </span><a href="https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/amered/introduction"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/amered/introduction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. The
American Redstart: A Bird On the Rise In the GTA </span><a href="https://trca.ca/news/the-american-redstart-a-bird-on-the-rise-in-the-gta/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://trca.ca/news/the-american-redstart-a-bird-on-the-rise-in-the-gta/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boreal Songbird initiative. A guide to boreal birds </span><a href="https://www.borealbirds.org/bird/american-redstart"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.borealbirds.org/bird/american-redstart</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ontario Nature. Migratory Birds </span><a href="https://ontarionature.org/campaigns/migratory-birds/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://ontarionature.org/campaigns/migratory-birds/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">North American Birds Declining as Threats Mount By Mel
White for National Geographic </span><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130621-threats-against-birds-cats-wind-turbines-climate-change-habitat-loss-science-united-states/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130621-threats-against-birds-cats-wind-turbines-climate-change-habitat-loss-science-united-states/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Birdwatchers Digest. Your Bird Questions Answered:
Flight and Migration </span><a href="https://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/bwdsite/connect/youngbirders/your-bird-questions-answered-flight-migration.php"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/bwdsite/connect/youngbirders/your-bird-questions-answered-flight-migration.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"> Further reading: peer reviewed literature</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Cohen, E. B., Rushing, C. R.,
Moore, F. R., & Hallworth, M. T. (2019). The strength of migratory
connectivity for birds en route to breeding through the Gulf of Mexico.
<i>Ecography</i>, <i>42</i>(4), 658–669. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03974"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03974</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Cooper, N. W., Sherry, T. W.,
& Marra, P. P. (2015). Experimental reduction of winter food decreases body
condition and delays migration in a long-distance migratory bird. <i>Ecology</i>,
<i>96</i>(7), 1933.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Hill, G. E. (2004). A Head Start
for Some Redstarts. <i>Science</i>, <i>306</i>(5705), 2201–2202.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Germain, R. R., Marra, P. P.,
Kyser, T. K., & Ratcliffe, L. M. (2010). Adult-Like Plumage Coloration
Predicts Winter Territory Quality and Timing of Arrival on the Breeding Grounds
of Yearling Male American Redstarts. <i>The Condor</i>, <i>112</i>(4), 676–682.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090193"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090193</span></a><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Norris, D. R., Marra, P. P.,
Bowen, G. J., & Ratcliffe, L. M. (2006). Migratory connectivity of a widely
distributed songbird, the American Redstart (<i>Setophaga ruticilla</i>). <i>The
Auk</i>, <i>123</i>(4), 14.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Norris, D. R., & Marra, P. P.
(2007). Seasonal Interactions, Habitat Quality, and Population Dynamics in
Migratory Birds. <i>The Condor</i>, <i>109</i>(3), 535–547.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Marra, P. P., & Holmes, R. T.
(2001). Consequences of Dominance-Mediated habitat segregation in American
Redstarts during the nonbreeding season. <i>The Auk</i>, <i>118</i>(1), 92–104.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">McKinnon, E. A., Stanley, C. Q.,
& Stutchbury, B. J. M. (2015). Carry-Over Effects of Nonbreeding Habitat on
Start-to-Finish Spring Migration Performance of a Songbird. <i>PloS One</i>, <i>10</i>(11),
e0141580.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Morris, S. R., & Glasgow, J.
L. (2001). Comparison of spring and fall migration of American Redstarts on
Appledore Island, Maine. <i>The Wilson Bulletin</i>, <i>113</i>(2), 202.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Smith, R. J., Mabey, S. E., &
Moore, F. R. (2009). Spring Passage and Arrival Patterns of American Redstarts
in Michigan’s Eastern Upper Peninsula. <i>The Wilson Journal of Ornithology</i>,
<i>121</i>(2), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1676/08-051.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Wuethrich, B. (1998). Songbirds
Stressed in Winter Grounds. Science, <i>282</i>(5395), 1791–1794.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /><p></p><p></p>Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-90846680594307133462020-12-09T09:26:00.000-05:002020-12-09T09:26:03.898-05:00Targeting Biodiversity Conservation: A Post-2020 World<p><span style="font-family: arial;">Guest post by Connor Kendall, recent MEnvSc graduate from the University of Toronto-Scarborough</span></p><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The world
is currently in the midst of the sixth mass extinction where global vertebrate
populations have declined by 60% over the past 40 years and human pressures are
impacting a vast 75% of the Earth’s surface<sup>1</sup>. If we continue along
the path of business-as-usual, we will have a lot more to be concerned about
than just living underwater in the next 30 years. If we lose most of the
world’s pollinators, 40% of which are facing extinction<sup>1</sup>, you can
say goodbye to your avocado toast and pumpkin spice lattes. If bats
continue along their current trajectory and become extinct, you can say hello
to endless summer nights with countless mosquito bites. This is why we need
global action towards conserving, restoring and sustaining biodiversity, which
is exactly what the Aichi Biodiversity Targets hoped to accomplish back in
2010. <o:p></o:p></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PR3ut6nW-Vs/X9Dbf70p7-I/AAAAAAAADDc/li7svXSIkPYIA8zjue5-5ay94fTxrZ1OQCLcBGAsYHQ/s483/connor%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="483" height="330" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PR3ut6nW-Vs/X9Dbf70p7-I/AAAAAAAADDc/li7svXSIkPYIA8zjue5-5ay94fTxrZ1OQCLcBGAsYHQ/w462-h330/connor%2B1.jpg" width="462" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Source: UNDP (2013). Charting
pathways for biodiversity and sustainable development (retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/equatorinitiative/charting-pathways-for-biodiversity-and-sustainable-development)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">At the 10<sup>th</sup>
meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 2010, the<span style="color: red;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020</span></i></a></span> was
implemented and the 20
internationally agreed upon <span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Aichi
Biodiversity Targets</span></i></a></span><span style="color: red;"> </span>were formulated. The goal of this plan was to “take
effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity” by 2020. The
years have since gone by and it is now 2020, so what does that mean for the
targets and biodiversity conservation? We are still experiencing unprecedented
species declines – and despite global commitments towards achieving these
targets, as a whole – we fell short and a lot still remains to be done. There
is no point dwelling on the past but rather, it is important to learn from our
failures and look to the future in order to adapt and create revised targets.
We need to refocus our efforts, now more than ever, so that we can transform
our relationship with nature and save the things we hold dear (even if that is
just avocado toast).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Before we
can look to the future, we must first look to the past. Where did we fall
short? What can we learn from our failures? Did we miss something? These are
the questions that need to be answered if we want to succeed in the future. In
writing this blog about the past and future of International Biodiversity
Targets, I hope to draw attention to the issue of biodiversity loss and
highlight the importance of not only creating these targets but also achieving
them, in the years to come. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">Where did we go wrong?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It’s been
10 years since the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets were agreed upon and we have
fallen short of almost all of them. The targets have been criticized for being
too ambiguous leaving room for interpretation, not being quantifiable enough making
it difficult to track progress, and not being binding which allowed countries
to create individualized targets that don’t meet the global targets. Together,
these may be a couple of the reasons why we have failed to meet the majority of
the goals globally. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Let’s take
a look at <span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/targets/T11-quick-guide-en.pdf"><span lang="EN-CA">Aichi
Target 11</span></a></span> which is one of, if not the most, talked about
target. Target 11 falls under the Strategic Goal C and states:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #404040;"><span style="font-family: arial;">“By
2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of
coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for
biodiversity and ecosystems services are conserved through effectively and
equitably managed, ecological representative and well-connected systems of
protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and
integrated into the wide landscapes and seascapes.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As far as
the target itself goes, it is one of the most quantifiable and easily tracked
targets, providing exact percentages of area that must be conserved. It is
specific and uses unambiguous language, providing clear guidance on how to
achieve the target. Areas must be ecologically “representative”,
“well-connected” and “effectively and equitably managed”. Seems fairly
straight-forward, right? Wrong. Because the Aichi Biodiversity Targets are not
binding and act more as a guide than a hard-and-fast rule, different government
agencies can take these “guidelines” and adjust them into what works for them.
For example, in 2015 (five years after the original targets were imposed)
Canada came up with their own <span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://biodivcanada.chm-cbd.net/sites/biodivcanada/files/inline-files/3499%20-%202020%20Biodiversity%20Goals%20%26%20Targets%20for%20Canada%20-%20%20Final_ENG.pdf"><i><span lang="EN-CA">2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets</span></i></a></span>, giving them just a couple of years to make any real
progress. The issue with these targets is that they removed a lot of the meat
from the Aichi Targets, solidifying the dreary fate of biodiversity. For
comparisons sake, let’s take a look at Canada’s Target 1, to see just how Aichi
Target 11 was altered:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #404040;"><span style="font-family: arial;">“By
2020, at least 17 percent of terrestrial areas and inland water, and 10 percent
of coastal and marine areas, are conserved through networks of protected areas
and other effective area-based conservation measures.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What was once 62 words has been condensed down to 32.
The main idea of the target and the percentages are still there however, it
leaves out the idea of conserving ecologically representative areas that are
effectively and equitably managed. By removing these ideas, Canada made a more
ambiguous target and set themselves up to achieve the target in all the wrong
ways. And Canada is not alone.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">The
Protected Planet issued a </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><a href="https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/"><span lang="EN-CA">report</span></a></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">in
2018 and have since updated it with information from February 2020. According
to this report, 15.1% of the global terrestrial area and 7.9% of the global
marine area have been conserved. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uvfm4DCe5o4/X9DcAC9uvmI/AAAAAAAADDs/n24CTgaElXEAWUlo0XM9JoeHLKVkr_FCACLcBGAsYHQ/s601/connor%2B2.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="601" height="289" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uvfm4DCe5o4/X9DcAC9uvmI/AAAAAAAADDs/n24CTgaElXEAWUlo0XM9JoeHLKVkr_FCACLcBGAsYHQ/w583-h289/connor%2B2.png" width="583" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 191;">Source:
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2020). Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected
Areas (WDPA), February 2020 version (retrieved from:
https://livereport.protectedplanet.net)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Looking at these numbers, it seems like we are heading
in the right direction but, when you dive further you notice that is not the whole
picture. Remember in the Aichi Target 11 when it specified the areas needed to
be “representative”, “well-connected” and “effectively managed”? The <span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/target-11-dashboard"><span lang="EN-CA">Protected
Planet Digital Report</span></a></span> looked at the
percentage of areas that are conserved that meet each of these criteria and
this is what it found: 5% of terrestrial areas and 1% of marine areas are
effectively managed, 9% of terrestrial areas are ecologically representative, and
7% of terrestrial areas are well-connected.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ORsbfU2n7SI/X9DcXmWlKDI/AAAAAAAADD0/Fy4Xx2b4ajAkwdqZmaRi9J5x3Q8Hk7W9ACLcBGAsYHQ/s601/connor%2B3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="601" height="165" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ORsbfU2n7SI/X9DcXmWlKDI/AAAAAAAADD0/Fy4Xx2b4ajAkwdqZmaRi9J5x3Q8Hk7W9ACLcBGAsYHQ/w576-h165/connor%2B3.png" width="576" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 191;">Source:
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2020). Protected Planet: Aichi Target 11 Dashboard
(retrieved from: https://www.protectedplanet.net/target-11-dashboard)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Because the countries had the ability to adapt the
Aichi Targets to suit their needs, it left too much room for ambiguity and inadequacy,
ensuring that by 2020, there was nothing the world could do but fall short. It
is important when we look to the future of biodiversity conservation that we
consider the mistakes from the last 10 years and learn from them to ensure
biodiversity is around for the generations to come. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">What does the future look like?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The future
remains uncertain but what is certain, is the need to act now. Many believe that new targets must be
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-based), should
integrate scientific research where applicable, and involve progressive steps
and actions similar to a roadmap for achieving the targets.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Negotiations
have already been underway and governments have given themselves two years to
develop a post-2020 framework that is to be presented at the 15<sup>th</sup>
Conference of the Parties, at the UN Biodiversity Conference in 2020 in
Kunming, China. An open-ended intersessional working group, under the
leadership of Mr. Francis Ogwal of Uganda and Mr. Basile van Havre of Canada,
has already published the <span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/da8c/9e95/9e9db02aaf68c018c758ff14/wg2020-02-03-en.pdf"><i><span lang="EN-CA">Zero Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity
Framework</span></i></a></span> as of January 13th, 2020. The framework hopes to
provide both the context and structure required to allow diverse stakeholders
to communicate and work together towards the common goals. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The zero
draft looks to the next decade and identifies a 2030 Mission:</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #404040;"><span style="font-family: arial;">“To
take urgent action across society to put biodiversity on a path to recovery for
the benefit of planet and people.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The
post-2020 framework also proposes 20 new biodiversity conservation targets.
What is interesting about the proposed targets is that there are similarities
to the original Aichi Targets and it is evident that the working group
considered the mistakes that were made and learned from them when drafting the
new ones. For example, the second proposed target mirrors Aichi Target 11 and
ups it by creating the more ambitious proposed Target 2:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><span style="color: #404040;">“Protect
sites of particular importance for biodiversity through protected areas and
other effective area-based conservation measures, by 2030 covering at least
[60%] of such sites and at least [30%] of land and sea areas with at least
[10%] under strict protection.”</span></i><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The target
not only identifies higher percentages of area protected, but also offers up
the condition of “strict protection” which was not included in the original
Aichi Target 11. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is also
evident in the new proposed targets that the working group listened to the
public over the past decade and tried to incorporate issues that people care
about like plastic waste in proposed Target 4, climate change mitigation and
adaptation in proposed Target 6, and the sustainable use of wild species in
proposed Target 7. In order to stand a chance of reaching the goals by 2030, it
is clear that the public needs to be engaged with these targets, and what
better way to do it than include things that people are already passionate
about. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Zero
Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is promising and it has
huge potential to have a ripple effect in many countries, but there are some
things that need to be reviewed and reconsidered before that can happen. Some
of the targets remain to be unquantifiable, such as the proposed Targets 16 and
17. At the very least, the working group should consider including some
guidelines as to how to achieve and track these targets, to ensure they do not
get lost and forgotten alongside some of the “bigger ticket” targets. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Any new
framework that is implemented will have its highs and lows, but to ensure the
2030 Mission and Targets are achieved in the best way possible, it is important
that the new framework works on strengthening the existing Aichi Targets,
progress and initiatives that are underway and learn from them, as well as have
stricter guidelines in place to avoid the ambiguity and inadequacy that came
about from the Aichi Targets. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All hope is
not lost, but much still remains to be done. Now, more than ever, we need a
drastic shift in the way biodiversity is viewed and valued in order to stand a
chance of putting an end to the sixth mass extinction and the post-2020
framework is a step in the right direction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: arial;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->WWF (2018).
Living Planet Index. Retrieved from: https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/living-planet-report-2018 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></p>Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-91526551965121650812020-12-05T22:54:00.000-05:002020-12-09T09:27:01.562-05:00Southern Ontario’s Ecoregions in Slow Motion: An Eight-Year Journey Along the Bruce Trail<p><span style="font-family: arial;">Guest post by Daniel Stuart, MEnvSc Candidate in the Department of Physical & Environmental Science at the University of Toronto-Scarborough</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">During the
final year of my undergraduate program the idea of hiking all 900-or-so
kilometres of the </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://brucetrail.org/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bruce Trail</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> somehow lodged itself in
my head. It was 2010 and I was twenty-one years old, immersed in the idealism
of that age and on the doorstep of a career as an ecologist. At the time hiking
from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Queenston+Heights+Park/@43.1777705,-79.1329526,11.58z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x89d35dafb05e504f:0x217edd4b7ce28385!8m2!3d43.1593144!4d-79.055405"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Queenston Heights</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> along the Niagara River
to the town of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Tobermory,+ON/@45.2498818,-81.6800781,13.27z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4d2d0ba9fb4f9461:0x3b2e70b0e46a3526!8m2!3d45.2533625!4d-81.6645411"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tobermory</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> at the northern tip of
the Bruce Peninsula (<u>Figure 1.</u>) seemed an appropriate way to gain a more
meaningful appreciation of my home province’s landscape. This would turn out to
be true in part, but little did I know that the more valuable takeaway would be
a practical education in the transitional ecosystems that define Southern
Ontario’s landscape. For those without the time to hike it themselves, take a
tour with me along the trail from south to north exploring its subtle but
undeniable ecological shifts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MELaYG0_ixM/X8xUSedX2WI/AAAAAAAADAI/e_Y7ss2OengcSa_hvGSkBXv0DvvRLu4UQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1445/dan1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1445" data-original-width="967" height="576" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MELaYG0_ixM/X8xUSedX2WI/AAAAAAAADAI/e_Y7ss2OengcSa_hvGSkBXv0DvvRLu4UQCLcBGAsYHQ/w385-h576/dan1.jpg" title="Figure 1: Bruce Trail Map (Bruce Trail Conservancy, 2020" width="385" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: Bruce Trail Map (Bruce Trail Conservancy, 2020</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As life
sometimes goes, it was another two years before I finally purchased the Bruce
Trail Reference guidebook and embarked on my first sojourn, a three day hike
that would take me from the southern terminus of the trail at Queenston Heights
back to Hamilton where I lived at the time. I hopped on a free shuttle bus
heading for a casino in Niagara Falls and upon arriving was accosted by the bus
driver when he spotted my backpack and water jug, realizing I had no intention
of gambling that day. It was September
2, 2012 and the first miles of the trail were peppered with sightings of uncommon
shrubs and trees like </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=26"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bladdernut</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Staphylea trifolia</i>), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/sassafras"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sassafras</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Sassafras albidum</i>),
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2076"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spicebush</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Lindera benzoin</i>), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/pignut_hickory.htm"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pignut Hickory</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Carya glabra</i>),
and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2215"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hill’s Oak</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> (<i>Quercus ellipsoidalis</i>), many
of which display full fruit in the late summer. These shrubs and trees share a
common trait: in Canada they are confined to the Carolinan Ecoregion.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">The
Carolinan Ecoregion (defined as Ecoregion 7E in Ontario; </span><u style="text-indent: 36pt;">Figure 2.</u><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">)
occupies the southernmost portions of Ontario, extending from the shores of
Lake Erie to approximately Grand Bend in the west, London, Hamilton, and Toronto
in the east. Named for the forests typical of the Atlantic Coast from Long
Island to Georgia, this region is dominated by a large variety of deciduous (or,
leafy) trees including those listed above that fail to thrive in cooler
climates to the north or west (Colthurst & Waldron, 1993). In the Niagara
Region the sheltering cliffs and slopes of the Niagara Escarpment offer a slightly
warmer microclimate that encourages the region to “punch above its weight” in
terms of plant diversity.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ui_96v9C-v0/X8xVJZxzUCI/AAAAAAAADAQ/G7ojKErpxa4XqAropsxhyqtonsESsKH6ACLcBGAsYHQ/s731/dan2.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="584" height="577" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ui_96v9C-v0/X8xVJZxzUCI/AAAAAAAADAQ/G7ojKErpxa4XqAropsxhyqtonsESsKH6ACLcBGAsYHQ/w462-h577/dan2.png" width="462" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">: Ecoregions of Ontario (Crins et al., 2009)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">My first
journey from the Niagara River ended in utter failure when with painfully blistered
soles, just 26 kilometres into my expedition I swallowed my pride and called a
friend to pick me up at the Brock University campus in St. Catharines. I would
eventually work up to 30- and even 40-kilometre days, but this would take years
of training and a good deal of re-conditioning every spring to tighten up my legs
that would seemingly turn to jelly each winter.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The “southern
feel” of the Bruce Trail gradually diminishes as one hikes westward toward
Hamilton, the conspicuously common open-grown oaks (<i>Quercus spp.</i>) gently
replaced by the familiar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/sugar-maple"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sugar Maple</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Acer saccharum</i>)-dominant woodlands
that emblemize Canada. The extensive forested tracts of the </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Dundas+Valley+Conservation+Area/@43.2593536,-80.0232661,12z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sdundas+valley!3m4!1s0x882c844f0c8103a1:0x3a19ac2fb4c4c2ac!8m2!3d43.2550687!4d-79.9937426"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dundas Valley</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> offer the final display
of southern species before mounting the escarpment where suddenly one stands firmly
in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ecoregion (defined as Ecoregion 6E in Ontario; <u>Figure
2.</u>). The abruptness of the
transition surprised me. I recall spotting the northernmost stand of a southern
tree, a population of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2063"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Chinquapin Oak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i>)
perched below the escarpment brow next to </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Sydenham+Rd,+Hamilton,+ON/@43.279906,-79.9616887,14.23z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x882c836de6a72385:0x8a852dc38c69800c!8m2!3d43.286704!4d-79.9507172"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sydenham Road</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> in Dundas. Although I
understand that southern species <i>are </i>occasionally found north of the
official boundaries of the Carolinian Ecoregion, along the Bruce Trail I
encountered no other Carolinian-specialist plant. The sheltered valleys of the
Hamilton area seem to provide a last bastion for southern plants that struggle
to tolerate the exposed landscape above </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Burlington,+ON/@43.3814196,-79.9800069,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x882b63d2965d93b7:0xa44a27764c2b554f!8m2!3d43.3255196!4d-79.7990319"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Burlington</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> and beyond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">From the
Burlington heights the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest extends northward all
the way to the edge of the Canadian Shield, which itself transitions into the
seemingly endless Boreal forest that blankets the northern part of our
continent. Unlike the Carolinian region which comprises mostly deciduous trees,
or the Boreal region which compromises mostly coniferous trees, the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence forest is a roughly equal mix of the two. This forest type
features strong representation from leafy trees like Sugar Maple (<i>Acer
saccharum</i>), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/american-beech"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">American Beech</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Fagus americana</i>), and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/black-cherry"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Black Cherry</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Prunus serotina</i>)
along with their needled counterparts like </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-white-pine"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Eastern White Pine</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Pinus strobus</i>), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-white-cedar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Eastern White Cedar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Thuja occidentalis</i>),
and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-hemlock"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Eastern Hemlock</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I hiked the central
stretches of the Bruce Trail at a slower rate between 2014 and 2018, a section
that traverses a hilly complex of woodlots, river valleys, and bucolic
landscapes. I came across a </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/striped-maple"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Striped Maple</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Acer pensylvanica</i>) in the Caledon
area and a small </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/jack-pine"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jack Pine</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Pinus banksiana</i>) stand on a north-facing
slope near the Hockley Valley, both typically northern trees. My first </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontarioferns.com/main/species.php?id=4016"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Northern Holly Fern</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Polystichum lonchitis</i>)
was observed in </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Noisy+River+Provincial+Park/@44.2749438,-80.1962388,12.54z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x882a5dfc415c44c9:0x8b85792475c7c625!8m2!3d44.2758411!4d-80.1919196"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Noisy River Provincial Park</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> near the village of Creemore,
a plant that in places coated the trailside by the time I reached Owen Sound. Similarly,
I spotted a tiny </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/american-harts-tongue-fern"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">American Hart’s Tongue Fern</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Asplenium
scolopendrium var. americanum</i>) in the </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/search/beaver+valley/@44.3776053,-80.6140768,11.27z"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beaver Valley</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, a globally uncommon
species whose core range is concentrated around Owen Sound and the lower reaches
of the Bruce Peninsula.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">By May of 2019
I was hiking in earnest, setting aside many weekends to cover the approximately
210 kilometres from the west edge of the Beaver Valley near </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Kimberley,+ON+N0C+1G0/@44.3821857,-80.5562762,12.71z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x882a13fdfd87fd87:0xcc6225965b9e9c04!8m2!3d44.383333!4d-80.533333"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimberley</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, through Owen Sound and
to the base of the Bruce Peninsula near </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Wiarton,+ON/@44.7483673,-81.1600329,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4d2cc9fd968ae13f:0xc9d9120018b5d2da!8m2!3d44.7419729!4d-81.1408344"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wiarton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. The birding that spring
was glorious, and I often hiked with binoculars somewhat annoyingly tugging
against my neck. In the Beaver Valley I observed my first ever </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Louisiana_Waterthrush/overview"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Louisiana Waterthrush</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Parkesia motacilla</i>)
along the rushing banks of Bill’s Creek. A </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Philadelphia_Vireo/overview"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Philadelphia Vireo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Vireo philadelphicus</i>)
flitted between branches in a woodlot near </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Walters+Falls,+ON+N0H+2S0/@44.4934106,-80.7315125,12.83z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x882a0344a7ed8f9b:0x3a5f2954fb15c267!8m2!3d44.488585!4d-80.706966"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Walter’s Falls</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, a </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden-winged_Warbler"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Golden-winged Warbler</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>)
was spotted within a thicket at the Bighead River Overnight Rest Area, and a </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/green_heron"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Green Heron</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Butorides virescens</i>)
squawked at me near the </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Bognor+Marsh+Management+Area/@44.5472552,-80.8078739,13.69z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x882a02394d8d2d35:0x994bf924966044dd!8m2!3d44.5383715!4d-80.7821415"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bognor Marsh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In early
September 2019 I began the big push up the Bruce Peninsula toward Tobermory, in
a four-day period that would take me from the town of Wiarton to Crane Lake
Road just before the southeast boundary of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Bruce+Peninsula+National+Park/@45.2231796,-81.6041598,11.73z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4d2d04f37e5af157:0x1c4af969a2bda9b6!8m2!3d45.2301555!4d-81.5218891"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bruce Peninsula National Park</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Logistics were more
complicated now and I was forced to consider packing lightweight provisions
that were adequate but could still be carried on my back. There were also safety
considerations specific to the Bruce Peninsula, like establishing a check-in
system where cell reception was poor, and to keep aware of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/mammals/black-bear.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Black Bear</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>)
and the docile but not entirely unthreatening </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/massasauga-rattlesnake"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Massasauga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Sistrurus catenatus</i>),
Ontario’s only venomous snake. Bear scat was an intermittent sight along the
length of the peninsula, first observed just 14 kilometres past Wiarton along Malcolm
Bluff. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although
forests remained of mixed composition typical of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence
region, cool northern exposures and thin-soiled areas took on a palpable
“northern feel”, often dense with Eastern White Cedar (<i>Thuja occidentalis</i>),
pine (<i>Pinus spp.</i>) and Eastern Hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>).
Wind-beaten crags offered habitat for abundant </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=2138"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bearberry</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi</i>), a northern species yet unseen on my journey so far, and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/group.php?id=105"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rattlesnake Plantains</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (<i>Goodyera spp.</i>)
became commonplace. By the time I reached the edge of the National Park the Boreal
woods felt much closer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sadly, poor
weather and low spirits cut my hike short in September, with soggy feet and an
approaching storm promising to result in a miserable finale. Despite this
setback my goal to finish the Bruce Trail remains firm. At this moment I have
booked a campsite in the National Park this May 2020 and (barring any
disasters) myself, along with three companions, will finish the final 40
kilometres toward the trail’s northern terminus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">To walk the
Bruce Trail is to walk a cross-section of Southern Ontario. For me it has
offered an education in landscape ecology earned by traversing it first-hand.
It has been a limit-testing and a character-building experience. Although I now
hike with a different outlook than my 21-year-old self, I must credit him with
having the guts to recognize the journey’s value and for accepting its
challenge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">References<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bruce Trail Conservancy. 2020. Explore the
Trail. Bruce Trail Conservancy. <</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://brucetrail.org/trail-sections"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://brucetrail.org//trail-sections</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">>. Retrieved 13 February 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Colthurst, K., Waldron, G. 2013. “What is a
Carolinian Forest?”. Essex Region Conservation Authority. Carolinian Canada.
<</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/SpeciesHabitats_Forests.htm"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/SpeciesHabitats_Forests.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">>. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Crins, William J., Paul A. Gray, Peter W.C.
Uhlig, and Monique C. Wester. 2009. The Ecosystems of Ontario, Part I: Ecozones
and Ecoregions. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough Ontario,
Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment, SIB TER IMA TR- 01, 71pp.</span></p><p><br /></p>Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-16604042234376419382020-12-03T10:29:00.013-05:002020-12-03T11:09:19.655-05:00Politics and the biodiversity crisis: a call for scientists to be politically engaged<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">I am a
politics junkie. I am genuinely fascinated by politics and political systems,
despite their irrational and often ineffective nature. Yet the world is awash with
existential crises and solving them (or at least reducing the worst of their
impacts) must come from the political systems that exist. So the question for
biodiversity scientists is, how politically engaged do we need to be and how do
we affect policy change regardless of the political party in power.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There’s no
doubt that science is more politicized, and polarizing, than ever, with general
distrust in science and scientists increasing around the world </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1</i>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. This declining trust comes from a
combination of a lack of understanding of what science really is and the
elevation and reinforcing of personal opinion from social media echo chambers,
as evidenced by the rise of evidence-free conspiracy theories.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Past calls
for scientists to become better communicators </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2</i>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> has helped drive some scientists
out of the ivory tower, but this increased visibility has minimally influenced
public understanding, policy and discourse. Though there is an argument to be
made that evidence-based policy and management in some sectors, like public
health and ecosystem management, is undoubtedly better today than ten years
ago. This lack of broad impact of scientists’ communicating is where we are at
despite the many science communication courses now offered </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3</i>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and clearly better publicly engaged
and more diverse scientists.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The core
problem was never one of communication skills alone, rather, there has always
been a political component that scientists need to engage with. We need to look
no further than the disastrous COVID-19 response in countries like the United
States or Brazil where highly respected infectious disease experts are thrown
under the bus as soon as their advice deviates from political messaging. For
example, a significant minority of Americans believes that Donald Trump knows
more about viruses than Dr. Anthony Fauci, who has studied infectious diseases
for decades with hundreds of papers published and which have been <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0dDO3SAAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">cited more than 200,000 times</a>!</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8OnYM02dcyI/X8kFqD_naXI/AAAAAAAAB9g/jiONfzTod8ocyuMSEiYYX-TU8ndy26-RACLcBGAsYHQ/s1864/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-12-03%2Bat%2B10.34.20%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1864" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8OnYM02dcyI/X8kFqD_naXI/AAAAAAAAB9g/jiONfzTod8ocyuMSEiYYX-TU8ndy26-RACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-12-03%2Bat%2B10.34.20%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So, what
should scientists do? Simply, they should be more politically engaged. Which
sounds antithetical to our notions of objectivity and dispassionate advocacy.
But I believe we can be politically engaged and retain this dispassionate
objectivity.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But let me
be clear, being politically engaged does not mean being political or a partisan.
In fact, I champion being politically engaged while eschewing partisan politics
-see my belief disclaimer<a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/12/politics-and-biodiversity-crisis-call.html#edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and experience biases disclaimer<a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/12/politics-and-biodiversity-crisis-call.html#edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
at the end of this post.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biodiversity
scientists, who care about evidence-based public policy need to find ways to
inform and influence political systems so that species extinctions and
biodiversity loss are prevented, and ecosystem health improved. During my time
as a professor, I’ve engaged with politicians and politics at all levels. It’s
been rewarding, interesting and eye-opening, though debatably effective. From
this experience, here are some suggestions about how to engage in political
systems. </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZzRg6h9iQGU/X8kCNH7HuCI/AAAAAAAAB9U/BsowBWDqm104tiw9JoYSvniiYbsUQz_AgCLcBGAsYHQ/s620/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-12-03%2Bat%2B10.19.25%2BAM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="620" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZzRg6h9iQGU/X8kCNH7HuCI/AAAAAAAAB9U/BsowBWDqm104tiw9JoYSvniiYbsUQz_AgCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h180/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-12-03%2Bat%2B10.19.25%2BAM.png" width="200" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Talk to politicians</b>! You are an expert,
and you were likely educated, employed and financed by public funds at some
point in your career. You owe it to society and government to feedback into the
system. I have met with politicians at all levels (municipal, provincial and
federal) and from all the major parties that operate in Ontario, Canada. I have
had some amazing experiences talking to interested and earnest politicians (I
have had positive and unforgettable interactions with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wynne" target="_blank">Kathleen Wynn</a> [former
Premier of Ontario] and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsty_Duncan" target="_blank">Kirsty Duncan</a> [former federal minister of science, and
coincidentally a professor who taught me at the University of Windsor when I
was an undergraduate]). I have also had some odd and frustrating conversations
with other politicians. While I do talk all parties, I have found that
representatives from the Conservative party here in Canada tend to have the
strongest preconceived convictions without a firm understanding of science and
fact, and they tend to be the most political; meaning that they are more likely
to put their party or ideology over other concerns. Regardless of the specifics
of any interaction, I believe that some of these conversations do have impact
and at a minimum opens doors to more engagement. </span>
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stay informed and share your thoughts</b>.
Being informed and knowledgeable allows you to speak to recent developments and
make arguments germane in the current political landscape. This means being
aware of legislative priorities and initiatives. Be aware of bills that are
being proposed so you have time to talk to politicians and journalists. You
should use different vehicles to discuss issues, whether that is with interviews
or on social media. I have sat through legislative sessions in our provincial
parliament in 2018, and the experience was mixed. On the one hand, I learned
quite a bit about legislative processes and the priorities of the ruling party.
On the other hand, I was very disappointed at the lack of serious thought and
contemplation by members of the ruling party. It was all false praises of the
Premier (I assume because their upward mobility depended on it) and a
fundamental inability to provide meaningful answers or insights into decision-making.
It reminded me of a bad movie about high school politics.</span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Don’t be partisan<a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/12/politics-and-biodiversity-crisis-call.html#edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></b></span></span></span></a></b>.
Conveying science isn’t a partisan activity (even if some politicians attempt
to make it so). Don’t use facts as a partisan attack, but do use facts to
correct uniformed politicians or to criticize problematic legislation. For
example, if a certain political party contains a substantial number of climate
deniers or anti-vaxxers, don’t start your arguments by blasting their party. Rather,
talk about the facts, and perhaps assume that there are other party members who
are more open to facts and science and have good intentions. I realize that being
non-partisan is more difficult in the United States where there are just two
parties, but perhaps you should consider not registering yourself as a member of
either party. Consider the fact that in the US, both parties have supported
policies that favour economic growth over the environment and you should feel that
either party has room to learn and grow. In Canada, avoiding party membership
is much easier. I believe that a substantial proportion of Canadians will vote
for different political parties in different elections (I have voted for three
of our five main parties, plus small parties a couple of times). Under a
million Canadians (out of 36 million) hold membership in a political party, so
we are not an overly partisan country (and I hope it can stay that way, but the
threat of right-wing populism is infecting our politics as it is elsewhere).</span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4-<b>Run
for office or support candidates</b>. Ok, this one seemingly conflicts with #3,
so we need to be careful here. There is something to be said for creating
change from the inside. If you have the desire for public office, and being
charismatic certainly helps, then pragmatism dictates you would need to run for
a party. You shouldn’t say things you don’t believe, and you should be clear
that you will prioritize science and evidence over party. And believe it or
not, some parties would value this. Here in Toronto, since political parties
are not permitted in our municipal elections, you can run or support candidates
without any need to be a partisan. I canvassed for, and openly supported a
friend who was elected as counsellor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_McKelvie" target="_blank">Jennifer McKelvie</a>. She holds a PhD in
geochemistry and so brings not only a strong openness to science-informed
policy, but has the credibility to lead on this front. </span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As I write
this, the USA has a new President-elect who ostensibly supports science and
evidence-based policies. Despite this, I argue that scientists should not rest
on their laurels, but rather should engage with government. There are many many
policy makers from your local ward all the way up to national levels and these
people have a great diversity of viewpoints and understanding of science.
Moreover, a more sympathetic administration does make it easier to engage and
feel like your actions are having impact. </span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The final
piece of advice is, and this is a very tough one for me personally, don’t get
baited by the partisan trolls and nay-sayers. Some partisans don’t actually
care about the truth or right and wrong, but rather view politics and policy
making as a team sport, and any point they score is worth it. Rise above, state
facts, point them to where they can learn more and offer advice on policy that
makes sense.</span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <b>References</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L.
McIntyre, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Scientific Attitude:
Defending Science from Denial, Fraud, and Pseudoscience</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>S.
J. Hassol, Improving how scientists communicate about climate change. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eos</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">89</b>,
106-107 (2008).</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L.
M. Kuehne<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> et al.</i>, Practical Science
Communication Strategies for Graduate Students. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Conservation Biology</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">28</b>,
1225-1235 (2014).</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br clear="all" /></span></span></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="#_ednref1"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A disclaimer. My political beliefs
undoubtedly colour my perspective. I fully acknowledge that I am a militant
non-partisan! I believe that political parties, by both their objectives and
methods, are inherently anti-democratic. The main goal for any political party
is the permanent consolidation of power; and the more power they have the more
they use the tools and instruments of government to ensure they retain power.
The voting public doesn’t seem to be overly concerned when the political party
in power changes voting processes or electoral precinct boundaries to bias
voting outcomes, especially when its ‘their team’. If we asked what made
logical sense for a democracy, then there would be easy pathways to increase
the number of parties (not clog those pathways), all votes would be of equal
weight (why the heck is there still an electoral college in the USA?),
governing bodies would be truly representative (i.e., proportional
representation -we get majority government in Canada when one part gets 33% of
the popular vote because of our riding system) and voters shouldn’t be
restricted to selecting a single option (ranked voting works, at least when you
have more than two real options). In reality, political parties might have
outlived their usefulness. In Toronto, where I live, municipal elections do not
permit official political party involvement, so we often have a dozen people
running for counsellor in each ward and for mayor. This is the closest to true
democracy as I’ve experienced.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> </span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Also, a second disclaimer. My
understanding and views about politics are greatly shaped by political systems
and governance in North America.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> </span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> <span>There is an important caveat here. For scientists in some
countries, like for example in China, being a member of a political party is
necessary in order to hold certain positions in academic institutions or
government agencies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><style>
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mso-footnote-position:beneath-text;}</style> <br /></span></span></span></p>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-7598635019766685222020-05-29T11:44:00.003-04:002020-05-29T11:44:46.717-04:00Re-imagining the purpose of conferences in a time of isolation<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is now
trite to say that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many aspects of routine
life, from our personal to our professional realities. Every part of academic
life has been touched by the pandemic, reducing all aspects of our research
endeavours to virtual platforms, from coursework and student mentoring to
faculty meetings and conferences. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zooming in and out of meetings has become the
norm for all of us. While there are obvious restrictions to life on an
e-platform, I see an opportunity for us to use it to our advantage, to increase
the impact and extent of how we communicate our science. </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9904lX1OrqM/XtEqeMBiLqI/AAAAAAAAB4w/FC94zqDWgxcpsAScOlVepPCSb_QhEq-sACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-05-26%2Bat%2B2.36.56%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9904lX1OrqM/XtEqeMBiLqI/AAAAAAAAB4w/FC94zqDWgxcpsAScOlVepPCSb_QhEq-sACK4BGAYYCw/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-05-26%2Bat%2B2.36.56%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The obligatory Zoom lab meeting screen capture.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I’ve been
involved with a number of e-activities including giving departmental seminars,
giving a conference talk and helping to organize a weekly on-line seminar
series (<a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/event/ecology-live/" target="_blank">Ecology Live</a>). These experiences have led me to think quite a bit about
new opportunities for giving talks and sharing ideas and findings. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One obvious
casualty of COVID-19 restrictions has been conferences -large gatherings are
simply untenable even if some regions are starting to reopen some activities.
Some conferences were simply canceled outright early on while others have
switched to online formats. These e-conferences seem like the best-case
scenario allowing for scientists to share their findings while observing
gathering and travel restrictions. I gave a talk in an organized oral session in
an e-conference and have been contemplating signing up for another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I have mixed feelings. Let me be clear,
the decision to move to e-format is the best decision for these conferences
that have had to respond to these unprecedented changes, but moving forward are
there other ways to facilitate interaction and communication? To me, the answer
is yes. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h3 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">The cons of
the e-conference:</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h4 class="MsoCommentText">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>1. Spontaneous
conversations </span></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I don’t
think fitting a traditional conference into an e-format works all that well.
The point of a conference, to me, is more about the random meetings and
discussions with friends and collaborators, rather than the extensive back-to-back
talks, for which I have a rather low limit that I can actively listen to. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These sporadic encounters, which often amount
to valuable research outputs and collaborations, are lost in the e-conference. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TRTPzKHboMM/XtEsJDkT-OI/AAAAAAAAB48/wnJT8xKvvl8Enn8yFTDLugfVtIdOwYV4ACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/davos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TRTPzKHboMM/XtEsJDkT-OI/AAAAAAAAB48/wnJT8xKvvl8Enn8yFTDLugfVtIdOwYV4ACK4BGAYYCw/s200/davos.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A mock debate at the last conference I attended before the pandemic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><h4 class="MsoCommentText">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>2. Child-care</span></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Physical
conferences have become better about providing childcare options for attendees.
But, with e-conferences, the parents stuck at home with children might not have
childcare options, making it difficult to attend whole sessions, and remain
fully focused on the science. Added to this, is that the e-conference format
with multiple concurrent sessions over the whole day is not that convenient for
people at home, even without children.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h4 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. Fees and funding</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In my
experience thus far, e-conferences appear to still be limiting attendance with
still rather steep paywalls. The one I spoke in still had substantial fees to
attend even though they were using what appeared to be university Zoom
accounts. I totally understand that there are expenses, but the hefty fees
limit an amazing opportunity to reach a broader audience. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Related to
this, conferences traditionally are quite exclusive. Fees, travel, housing,
visas and immigration all exclude people from different parts of the world,
especially those who don’t have access to the same level of funding as
researchers in North America and Europe. E-conferences can change this, but
they have yet to. More than this, many of us are accustomed to being at
institutions that bring in weekly seminar speakers, and again, people in other
parts of the world have no opportunity to access these. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h3 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">A route
forward?</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h4 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. Seminars open for all</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Working
with the <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/" target="_blank">British Ecological Society</a> to bring the weekly <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/event/ecology-live/" target="_blank">Ecology Live</a> seminar
series has been an incredible experience. Firstly, the BES has been amazingly
supportive of this idea and helping to make it work. More than 3000 people have
registered for this series, and from all over the world. The response from
people has been phenomenal.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The lesson
I take from this experience is that there is a demand for high-quality talks
and that there are numerous colleagues from the global south who jump at the
opportunity to hear from cutting-edge researchers. Many of these people are
excluded from traditional, and likely online, conferences. If we are moving to
an online format, accessibility and inclusion should be a motivating factor. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Obviously,
there are expenses with delivering online content, but costs can be covered in
other ways. Traditional conferences have sponsors and companies advertising
their products in the main halls. These groups can still be engaged and in fact
access to online audiences around the world and in permanent on-demand formats
could be quite attractive to sponsors. We’ve now started including advertisements
on the opening and closing slides of <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/event/ecology-live/" target="_blank">Ecology Live </a>to keep the webinars free to
watch.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><h4 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Freed from time restrictions to conference length</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Traditionally conferences are restricted to 3-5 days<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US">but switching </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to an online format means that
societies are no longer subject to a conference structure. </span>Without time
limitations, e-conferences do not have to conform to sessions occurring simultaneously.
By spreading talks over time, perhaps grouping by thematic topic areas,
researchers would be able to attend far more talks than they would normally be
able to in a traditional conference setting.<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US">I’d watch four 15-min talks on a specific area every
couple of weeks. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><h4 class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">3. </span>A
permanent record accessible by all, always</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Many ecologists are quite overcome by a deluge of webinars,
zoom meetings, etc. Taking the time to spend days in an e-conference is a
daunting choice. Even if they are unable to watch talks live, conference
organizers could make them permanent, searchable, and linkable<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. We post the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSKrKmlIapq7uWRsH6vdb0Q" target="_blank">Ecology Live talks to YouTube </a>afterward and some of our earlier seminars have been viewed thousands of times.
There is a general move towards open and transparent science, and free online
talks that are permanently available is another step towards this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We live in
a world where access to new ideas and hearing about cutting edge research
is divided between the have and have-nots. Despite the limitations of COVID-19,
given some planning, e-conferences can provide a powerful means to connecting
the ecologists across the world, but there might be better ways forward to use
these recent moves to on-line formats to better engage diverse audiences in a
much more inclusive way. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-comment-author: "sophiatrnr\@gmail\.com"; mso-comment-providerid: "Windows Live"; mso-comment-userid: 98274bbe8268ac9f;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_msocom_1"></a></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Have you
attended an e-conference recently, or plan on attending one soon? Let me know
your thoughts and opinions down below.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div>
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{page:WordSection1;}</span></style><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-89534430104198338632020-05-20T09:59:00.000-04:002020-05-20T10:01:17.177-04:00Reclaiming contaminated land through manipulating biodiversity<div>
Contents of this post originally appeared on the <a href="https://wordpress.com/read/feeds/87362936/posts/2709520273">Applied Ecologist,</a> but with expanded thoughts here. </div>
<div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0HfqNRn03uw/XsUyrzBd2JI/AAAAAAAAB3I/sofF1Rqs7uAYDwXHLS3NaxqQyZh4Ht2mwCK4BGAsYHg/fig.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="974" height="150" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0HfqNRn03uw/XsUyrzBd2JI/AAAAAAAAB3I/sofF1Rqs7uAYDwXHLS3NaxqQyZh4Ht2mwCK4BGAsYHg/w400-h150/fig.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<div>
Five years ago I spent my sabbatical in China and worked closely with a lab in Guangzhou. While there, I built meaningful collaborations and friendships that have continued to advance the science I'm involved with. While in China, I accompanied my friend, Jin-tian Li to a biodiversity field experiment on contaminated post-mining lands in Hunan province, and our discussions led to the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.13625">just-published paper</a> (please e-mail me if you want a copy) in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>, first-authored by a former PhD student in my lab, Pu Jia.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Why do we care about degraded lands?</b></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7BZouq1ode0/XsUz6sOnmOI/AAAAAAAAB3k/SeNXJzSH1KQekjWVZ2IKWfisbmP6DR2ggCK4BGAsYHg/site.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="360" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7BZouq1ode0/XsUz6sOnmOI/AAAAAAAAB3k/SeNXJzSH1KQekjWVZ2IKWfisbmP6DR2ggCK4BGAsYHg/s200/site.png" width="133" /></a><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US">According
to the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/2018_ldr_full_report_book_v4_pages.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=29395">IPBES report on land degradation, </a></span><span lang="EN-US">the degradation of productive lands
and intact habitats is a major threat to sustainability, biodiversity and
ecosystem functioning globally, which reduces the resiliency of ecological and
economic systems. In many emerging economy countries, environmentally harmful
practices that result in contamination render lands and habitats seriously
degraded. In many circumstances, the restoration of contaminated habitats to
original conditions is not an option because the capacity for these habitats to
harbor intact native ecosystems is greatly compromised. In these cases, we need
management options that allow us to reclaim contaminated and degraded lands (Nathanail & Bardos 2005), and preferably
ones that increase biodiversity and ecosystem function (Rohr<i> et al.</i> 2016).</span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>The potential role of biodiversity in reclaiming contaminated lands</b></span><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7BZouq1ode0/XsUz6sOnmOI/AAAAAAAAB3k/SeNXJzSH1KQekjWVZ2IKWfisbmP6DR2ggCK4BGAsYHg/site.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">While the
ecological literature on the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem
function is vast and rich (e.g., Tilman, Isbell
& Cowles 2014), the application of this field of research to
reclaiming contaminated lands has been strangely depauperate, and so there’s
little guidance on whether we should be planting diverse plant assemblages on
contaminated lands, or if we ought to simply plant the </span><span lang="EN-US">most</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">productive</span><span lang="EN-US"> species or those that provide
efficient phyto-rem</span><span lang="EN-US">oval of contaminants</span><span lang="EN-US">. This question is of fundamental importance to
places like China, where rapid development and industrialization through the
1970s-1990s resulted in severe contamination of lands near mining and mineral
processing facilities (Li<i> et al.</i> 2019), and now with China’s commitment to improving
it’s environmental health, biodiversity research has the ability to impact
policy and management at a national scale.</span></div>
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<b>Our paper</b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">We
evaluated whether more diverse plantings increased reclamation and ecosystem
functioning of a mine wasteland in Hunan Province, China, which had been
severely contaminated with </span><span lang="EN-US">cadmium</span><span lang="EN-US"> and zinc over decades. We sowed plots with
1-16 species and these were selected from the herbaceous species that grew
around contaminated sites in the region, and more diverse assemblages produced
more biomass and were more stable over time. Further, there was less heavy
metal contamination of leaf tissues in the more diverse plantings, which
reduces the impact on herbivores.</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G3H6Psp_2W4/XsU2gElXzXI/AAAAAAAAB4A/dn_DWtCMCA4GlCzWmd5ktfHwGbSWR4SgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/results.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1052" data-original-width="1212" height="277" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G3H6Psp_2W4/XsU2gElXzXI/AAAAAAAAB4A/dn_DWtCMCA4GlCzWmd5ktfHwGbSWR4SgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/results.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JuU8Pl7OjN4/XsU1tStdI8I/AAAAAAAAB34/FV25a27_GJgIW_pYgo1amadBbEQPaylPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/PSF.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="256" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JuU8Pl7OjN4/XsU1tStdI8I/AAAAAAAAB34/FV25a27_GJgIW_pYgo1amadBbEQPaylPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s200/PSF.png" width="146" /></a></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">Importantly
though, plant diversity spurred plant-soil feedbacks </span><span lang="EN-US">(PSFs) </span><span lang="EN-US">that appeared to drive the increased
ecosystem functioning. Higher plant diversity supported higher soil bacterial and
fungal diversity. Importantly, </span><span lang="EN-US">higher plant diversity was accompanied with
more soil </span><span lang="EN-US">cellulolytic
bacteria that exude enzymes that degrade cellulose and so drive decomposition
and nutrient cycling, which are essential components of a functioning
ecosystem. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">Furthermore, the multi-species assemblages also performed better
because these high diversity treatments harboured fewer </span><span lang="EN-US">soil </span><span lang="EN-US">fungal pathogens (and by extension
more beneficial </span><span lang="EN-US">soil </span><span lang="EN-US">fungi). This appeared to be driven by the fact that high plant diversity
supported a greater diversity of </span><span lang="EN-US">soil </span><span lang="EN-US">chitinolytic bacteria that produce anti-fungal
enzymes that degrade the chitin in cell walls</span><span lang="EN-US"> of</span><span lang="EN-US"> soil-borne plant-pathogenic fungi</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">In the
search for efficient ways to reclaim contaminated lands, sowing high-diversity
plant assemblages appear to be an effective tool. The key for reclamation is
to ensure that soil processes like decomposition and nutrient cycling are able
to support a self-sustaining ecosystem, and higher plant diversity can ensure
this. The next steps will be to field test this in real reclamation projects and to see this research work its way into best practices.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Li, T., Liu, Y., Lin, S., Liu, Y. &
Xie, Y. (2019) Soil pollution </span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span lang="EN-US">anagement
in China: </span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-US"> brief introduction. <i>Sustainability,</i> <b>11,</b> 556.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nathanail, C.P. & Bardos, R.P. (2005) <i>Reclamation of contaminated land</i>. John
Wiley & Sons.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Rohr, J.R., Farag, A.M., Cadotte, M.W.,
Clements, W.H., Smith, J.R., Ulrich, C.P. & Woods, R. (2016) Transforming
ecosystems: </span><span lang="EN-US">w</span><span lang="EN-US">hen, where,
and how to restore contaminated sites. <i>Integrated
Environmental Assessment and Management,</i> <b>12,</b> 273-283.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tilman, D., Isbell, F. & Cowles, J.M.
(2014) Biodiversity and </span><span lang="EN-US">e</span><span lang="EN-US">cosystem
</span><span lang="EN-US">f</span><span lang="EN-US">unctioning. <i>Annu</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">al</span><span lang="EN-US"> Rev</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">iew of</span><span lang="EN-US"> Ecol</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">ogy,
</span><span lang="EN-US">Evol</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">ution and</span><span lang="EN-US"> Syst</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">ematics</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> <b>45,</b>
471-493.</span></div>
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Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-69375727503024436992020-05-13T11:21:00.000-04:002020-05-14T15:34:39.311-04:00Publication Partners: a COVID-19 publication assistance program in conservation science<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-drVxn7CnPDs/XrwPfJJh9tI/AAAAAAAAB14/HmMy8gyZ-cET-FaVLDaEkm9WSrBkZOr2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-05-13%2Bat%2B11.14.50%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="611" height="224" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-drVxn7CnPDs/XrwPfJJh9tI/AAAAAAAAB14/HmMy8gyZ-cET-FaVLDaEkm9WSrBkZOr2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-05-13%2Bat%2B11.14.50%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a>Researchers around the world are trying to keep up on work
duties and responsibilities while being required to stay at home. For some
people this means caring for young children or other family members, devising homeschooling, switching courses to online delivery, scheduling meetings with team members, receiving new duties
from superiors, and perhaps worrying about job security. It is natural
that these people may feel overwhelmed and that routine tasks,
like checking references or proofreading manuscripts, might seem
insurmountable. </div>
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<br /></div>
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However, for others, COVID-19 lockdowns have resulted in
more time to push projects to completion and clear out backlogs. There is then
inequality in the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on individuals.</div>
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<br /></div>
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These COVID-19 impacts on individuals not only have these
unequal impacts on mental wellbeing and career trajectories but are on top of
the desperate necessity of conservation science to continue. We win by having a
greater diversity of experts communicating with one another. </div>
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Publication Partners is an attempt to address some of this
COVID-19 impact inequality and to ensure that conservation science is still
being published by assisting people with their manuscript preparation. This is
a match-making service of the conservation community to bring researchers
struggling with their current working conditions together with those that feel
that have extra capacity and are willing to help others in this difficult time.
The partner might be asked for publication advice, to assist with manuscript
editing, help sorting and checking references, organizing tasks for revisions
or preparing figures.</div>
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The idea is that the Publication Partners would normally be
contributing less than would be expected for authorship and thus will be listed
in the acknowledgments of the resulting paper. Publication Partners will match
volunteers with those requesting support. </div>
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To volunteer or request a partner, please see this <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dPr8UUB0LUd2aL4Uycb2uJp7OIxbv3mCfrqVYvjdULU/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">document</a> with contact instrucitons.
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As a <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/26888319/editorial-board/editor_profiles" target="_blank">journal editor</a>, I see this a valuable and much
needed assistance strategy. And I’m not alone. Many of the most important
conservation journals have signaled their support and welcome submissions using
this service. The journals support Publication Partners includes (please note that the list of journals is being updated and so will change over time):</div>
<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-39fffd26-7fff-9184-0523-402f56ba5df2" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.avocetta.org/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Avocetta - Journal of Ornithology </span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Biological Conservation</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://conbio.org/publications/conservation-biology/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conservation Biology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.conservationevidence.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conservation Evidence</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1755263x" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conservation Letters</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://academic.oup.com/conphys" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conservation Physiology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/25784854" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conservation Science and Practice</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/26888319" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ecological Solutions and Evidence</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.int-res.com/journals/esr/about-the-journal/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Endangered Species Research</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652435" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Functional Ecology </span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/global-ecology-and-conservation" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Global Ecology and Conservation</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.bou.org.uk/ibis-international-journal-of-avian-science/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">IBIS– International Journal of Avian Science</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652656" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Journal of Animal Ecology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Journal of Applied Ecology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652745" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Journal of Ecology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.springer.com/journal/10841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Journal of Insect Conservation</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/2041210x" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Methods in Ecology and Evolution</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.mires-and-peat.net/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Mires and Peat</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://sisn.pagepress.org/index.php/nhs/index" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Natural History Sciences</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Oryx</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/publications/journals/people-and-nature/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">People and Nature </span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1526100x" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Restoration Ecology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://sisn.pagepress.org/index.php/rio/index" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">RIO - Rivista italiana di ornitologia - Research in Ornithology</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/home/trc" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Tropical Conservation Science</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Wildfowl</span></a></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> *Thanks to Bill Sutherland for sharing his thoughts on this post. </span></div>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-49951798168280124552020-04-10T16:40:00.000-04:002020-04-10T16:40:55.376-04:00Can skipping the peer-review process be a legitimate way to communicate science?<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UxhHoqSSxCs/XpDZInXcDQI/AAAAAAAAB0c/CsTPIWUnINkv-11yX5xHvZFqJl_hGv5YACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoB034XpQNcnqwhyhSgXDcjPA_a_1f-Zi9yVU7PXcTxfPrc6zqhujkW95Q7bAM3UkiOyU_YLVBNDq_HkKHcBIiMkKZsQGBdfQA4o9vd8Vjcr9EFSdzrSc_qykR2_OqNqe0Q8tidtWHDyPSMs19rQN_xlQAwPQyKsZHDkTaNK_8R97I5DDiHQl3SZYHpPCHCnR3jAHsnRADJ5p5y-p2n9W5UrPRpWmgK1i41yL1u9qG_4pE3etxV4HgfYgX-zV0SkIclWgiZQujX3C2_Sf9WO7pJSerKZrpjkiSZM6GRa23_1WYNyq9OjOss89wKDG82dBOQmWvvkVjgrQ672PR2Gy6DCEMwmgFyFJVlP2lEZCkNfcY0EQaQIBnMuA7sKYxy9bsEG4OsBG1lFv_OzT7JXvmeYPyIOvqLHRrT-NG0_NIbH5Z4wtELqzPaCx7knDdcq2Ii3o5ZKuhMYY6LOGkAbbkGuWNTzQ3dGy1B3JXi0zeM36lSv4RCUq2MnKzZAb_wIyZ2XMT0bncbqKa3KqERn44qUs8Zrl22_mxd4Es48835wYd6ZhhgtVGBu8VSbitbiGMzrzGX6Z935DonVZSFd2-gZ9bz8oKNEoqKcMKa3w_QF/s1600/science.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="208" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UxhHoqSSxCs/XpDZInXcDQI/AAAAAAAAB0c/CsTPIWUnINkv-11yX5xHvZFqJl_hGv5YACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoB034XpQNcnqwhyhSgXDcjPA_a_1f-Zi9yVU7PXcTxfPrc6zqhujkW95Q7bAM3UkiOyU_YLVBNDq_HkKHcBIiMkKZsQGBdfQA4o9vd8Vjcr9EFSdzrSc_qykR2_OqNqe0Q8tidtWHDyPSMs19rQN_xlQAwPQyKsZHDkTaNK_8R97I5DDiHQl3SZYHpPCHCnR3jAHsnRADJ5p5y-p2n9W5UrPRpWmgK1i41yL1u9qG_4pE3etxV4HgfYgX-zV0SkIclWgiZQujX3C2_Sf9WO7pJSerKZrpjkiSZM6GRa23_1WYNyq9OjOss89wKDG82dBOQmWvvkVjgrQ672PR2Gy6DCEMwmgFyFJVlP2lEZCkNfcY0EQaQIBnMuA7sKYxy9bsEG4OsBG1lFv_OzT7JXvmeYPyIOvqLHRrT-NG0_NIbH5Z4wtELqzPaCx7knDdcq2Ii3o5ZKuhMYY6LOGkAbbkGuWNTzQ3dGy1B3JXi0zeM36lSv4RCUq2MnKzZAb_wIyZ2XMT0bncbqKa3KqERn44qUs8Zrl22_mxd4Es48835wYd6ZhhgtVGBu8VSbitbiGMzrzGX6Z935DonVZSFd2-gZ9bz8oKNEoqKcMKa3w_QF/s1600/science.png" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Science is
an approach to inquiry and knowledge production that provides an unsubstitutable
approach to evaluating empirical claims. And it is a specific and particular thing.
Beyond the experiments and data collection, science must be communicated in
order to impact knowledge and inform humanity’s understanding of the world around
us and potential solutions to problems of our own making. The gold standard for
communicating scientific findings is through peer-review. Peer review is the
process by which research articles are assessed by other experts and these
reviewers are the gatekeepers that determine if papers should be published
and how much revision they require. These reviewers look for flaws in logic, methodology
and inference, and ensure that findings are set in their proper context.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While peer-review
is a generally robust process, it can be corrupted. There are plenty of examples, including: <a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/social-spiders-and-science-fraud">fraudulent
data appearing research articles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield">corrupted analyses to
support personal agendas</a>, j<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing">ournals realizing
economic benefits by not adhering to peer-review best practice</a>, or <a href="https://ncse.ngo/creationism-slips-peer-reviewed-journal">non-scientific
agendas creeping into peer-reviewed journals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HUu-UnphvDY/XpDZIiczCZI/AAAAAAAAB0s/vRMLP0Lk30k8DBi5WppBXsdAsTfPvMOtwCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoCregyBQqBQDNBFWkRiMOqZOGaHEfsQ9FKWS50eM0_kI6x-lvGKQb2Mn59Yxy5Z5Ov81HnqPh37jC78ZUffGWHWfwtLXEsvy796Cin3pqkNtb_pA5MZmaG625pzSOmqyp_ZABRqy1pTg_j93Al2emYEh9E45lpCOXSio8E0DQVtQYSNTmxipWLQ6o7Om3gZhv0vCFULS0-9_08VtvYuGIbnrTGd6xGcZ6_hPsnyICC5ZdNT7osnQTrLUZLEflKT2LZo1ippGT7ZRlgI27sQ4r-xyPAeUtq4GMvWzYbL_SiQ5ljlrlAUhgRArjArB2qBXUa5Y2jw7Iidog-8EKanKEZcqO--shI3FyA7MMXMD9oSPooRE9tXlXe4WtdDRZnerNEEXpmRtvj7PZR69b5c7N_tM2egac7iNDJL998d4jSt5a3eXdZdZYpTcFiC0VYQYlEQ-eNO6a-Oei0n-cuL1yC97lFMIr96sC32RLvpJN2ajjm7OJzJxOCWyI5cn46GN_TY8LeY-D2_1oh8rdhvfvuYLUTCPgs5ZGBo1w2mutOFzti82v4MXwplpuN33rCNDlgg_3t0LFFsLXuF-d--R2aF3dGnjuwgUPTxMNa3w_QF/s1600/journal.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="208" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HUu-UnphvDY/XpDZIiczCZI/AAAAAAAAB0s/vRMLP0Lk30k8DBi5WppBXsdAsTfPvMOtwCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoCregyBQqBQDNBFWkRiMOqZOGaHEfsQ9FKWS50eM0_kI6x-lvGKQb2Mn59Yxy5Z5Ov81HnqPh37jC78ZUffGWHWfwtLXEsvy796Cin3pqkNtb_pA5MZmaG625pzSOmqyp_ZABRqy1pTg_j93Al2emYEh9E45lpCOXSio8E0DQVtQYSNTmxipWLQ6o7Om3gZhv0vCFULS0-9_08VtvYuGIbnrTGd6xGcZ6_hPsnyICC5ZdNT7osnQTrLUZLEflKT2LZo1ippGT7ZRlgI27sQ4r-xyPAeUtq4GMvWzYbL_SiQ5ljlrlAUhgRArjArB2qBXUa5Y2jw7Iidog-8EKanKEZcqO--shI3FyA7MMXMD9oSPooRE9tXlXe4WtdDRZnerNEEXpmRtvj7PZR69b5c7N_tM2egac7iNDJL998d4jSt5a3eXdZdZYpTcFiC0VYQYlEQ-eNO6a-Oei0n-cuL1yC97lFMIr96sC32RLvpJN2ajjm7OJzJxOCWyI5cn46GN_TY8LeY-D2_1oh8rdhvfvuYLUTCPgs5ZGBo1w2mutOFzti82v4MXwplpuN33rCNDlgg_3t0LFFsLXuF-d--R2aF3dGnjuwgUPTxMNa3w_QF/s200/journal.png" width="200" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So,
peer-review is not perfect, but it is necessary and can always be improved.
However, there is another question: is it always needed? Are there legitimate reasons
for a scientist to skip the peer-review process?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To me, there
could be reasons to skip the peer-review process, but the goals should be clear
and we need to acknowledge that conclusions and inferences will always be in
doubt. Yet, impacting the scientific</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> understanding of some phenomenon and communicating it to other experts might not be
the goal. Like this blog post, for example. There can be other communication objectives that
do not necessarily require peer-review.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here are
three non-peer reviewed communication pathways that I’ve personally pursued,
and I’m not including blogs and other social media here, because I think they
differ in their goals and objectives, but these are communication approaches
you might want to consider:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">You might want to capture a broader public
readership, to tell a story in a way that captures a non-specialist audience. For
example, you might want to extend your science to a call for policy or societal
change or to draw attention of the public and policymakers to a critical
issue. I was recently a co-author on several papers that attempted to do this,
for example, one on the need to <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6421/1368">protect the Tibetan
Plateau</a>, and another on the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13319">globally
uneven distribution of the readership and submissions of applied ecology papers</a>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">You might want to target a specific audience
that does not need to access peer-reviewed literature. Especially for agencies
and NGOs that need specific guidance and summary of best practice. The grey
literature is a rich and diverse set of communication pathways, which is not
well captured in journals nor permanently available (something with the <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/applied-ecology-resources/about-aer/">British
Ecological Society that we’ve been trying to overcome</a>!).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">You may desire to publish
information or findings that are desperately needed and extremely
time-sensitive. I recently decided to skip the typical peer review pipeline to
get out analyses showing that governmental responses to COVID19 quickly
resulted in significant drops in air pollution, across six different air
pollutants for those cities impacted in February. I published the <a href="https://evol-eco.blogspot.com/2020/03/COVID19-air-pollution.html">findings
in this blog</a> and <a href="https://eartharxiv.org/nhgj3/">posted the
manuscript to EarthRQiv</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Why would I
do this, especially when I am reporting the outcomes of hypothesis tests and
data analysis? I did submit the manuscript to Science and it was quickly
rejected, and I’m sure legitimate biogeochemists and atmospheric chemists are
already submitting better analyses. However, I told myself before submission that if it was rejected,
I would immediately go to plan B, which I did. I felt that the need to engage
in this conversation and to shine the light on policy decisions that would lead
to reduced pollution were too important for me to pursue the lengthy peer-review process, especially one that is not in my area of research. So, my plan B was to
post to a preprint server and blog it. My hope is that it will spur more discussion and further analyses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In some
ways, these alternative vehicles for communicating science have been an
experiment for me, but I have the luxury to do this given that I now have a
mature research program and rather <a href="https://cubes-labs.com/people/">large
group</a>. Its is important to evaluate how we value non-peer reviewed
material, or more importantly, how you use these to tell the story about your
contributions to society and your impact. While we clearly need to distinguish peer-reviewed
and non-reviewed material, and that there is no replacing the impact of
peer-review, we should view non-peer-reviewed material more positively and as a
way for knowledge mobilization and engage other communities in discussion. As scientists,
we need to think carefully about when and how to communicate and the value of
this communication to both society and to our careers. But certainly, these
alternative forms of scientific communication can help make the broader impact
statements on grant and tenure applications more compelling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LrFWhkn76J8/XpDZIi_TwDI/AAAAAAAAB0w/38V-EiVZ6B8vfaBW1ZAsiQZ4oFfdWzc9ACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoAnXamN4DXjmCUok9KpKP0ucj6lqdGzgb5m5nkTV-xUT1thmY1U9fFRHw2RI6fVBxa8vZqtBF3pPlRv52w8_e3MhGdxAP8LBNXxpW4wA184Ug19GIsPAg5Wbb0Gdbt_TRPXNUPAEVr02cPEIiYzhArIh8KGZ20B2EJxsqUw4xYNUh031er4LOnh1wJMRO1q9gMQgosClzgHdqVcazKnjTo9k_EhZKCodmuAV9EuqB7bWRbS_20RxDe847MS1WwujgMjDYoWZbsP80OuqCCVE-ORv7L1a2cYzp9ajE8ImqLcvPyPSqMGH_8WWVTTSuNlYOA2iKvNwnAkmm8zKBEFTIZaDu2McL7PpDPJwiDNgwJ80mLWBuIWaNQbvuEikDUsre7J9p_pT09ikxqu3xLrH5lEwfTGd8Gmqqx63Fyog001bEJ-VuyRJB7TEjyq4tU8id04ZVSw7Lb1RfJkjh5LD-yh4Tjr8-nHrxFdNNRAY6-fEOxasDEsnnYoSs3h-zAE63JgQ7VDmXCGbvuMGsP8aIZOGdQ8_YHD5mBDqVoc07M2rqnalj2bSN2Oy7cRFxsZf1ZDA7XQaEGS4E6p95wDMpLfUqS1n2ayFgZjMPu3w_QF/s1600/talk.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="208" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LrFWhkn76J8/XpDZIi_TwDI/AAAAAAAAB0w/38V-EiVZ6B8vfaBW1ZAsiQZ4oFfdWzc9ACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoAnXamN4DXjmCUok9KpKP0ucj6lqdGzgb5m5nkTV-xUT1thmY1U9fFRHw2RI6fVBxa8vZqtBF3pPlRv52w8_e3MhGdxAP8LBNXxpW4wA184Ug19GIsPAg5Wbb0Gdbt_TRPXNUPAEVr02cPEIiYzhArIh8KGZ20B2EJxsqUw4xYNUh031er4LOnh1wJMRO1q9gMQgosClzgHdqVcazKnjTo9k_EhZKCodmuAV9EuqB7bWRbS_20RxDe847MS1WwujgMjDYoWZbsP80OuqCCVE-ORv7L1a2cYzp9ajE8ImqLcvPyPSqMGH_8WWVTTSuNlYOA2iKvNwnAkmm8zKBEFTIZaDu2McL7PpDPJwiDNgwJ80mLWBuIWaNQbvuEikDUsre7J9p_pT09ikxqu3xLrH5lEwfTGd8Gmqqx63Fyog001bEJ-VuyRJB7TEjyq4tU8id04ZVSw7Lb1RfJkjh5LD-yh4Tjr8-nHrxFdNNRAY6-fEOxasDEsnnYoSs3h-zAE63JgQ7VDmXCGbvuMGsP8aIZOGdQ8_YHD5mBDqVoc07M2rqnalj2bSN2Oy7cRFxsZf1ZDA7XQaEGS4E6p95wDMpLfUqS1n2ayFgZjMPu3w_QF/s200/talk.png" width="200" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We are
ultimately evaluated primarily on our peer-reviewed science, as it should be, we can better tell our story about our contribution with a complementing minority
of other communication types. I would go so far as to say that a scientist who
only publishes peer-reviewed articles might be missing important opportunities
to share their knowledge and have an impact on societally important issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Excluding
blog posts and tweets, about 30% of my contributions are not peer-reviewed. If
I include blog posts, then I’d guess I’m at about a 1:1 ratio, peer-reviewed to
not. But I am at the stage in my career where this is less risky to do. Pursuing
alternative communication forms needs to be non-linear, you need more
peer-reviewed articles upfront to establish your credibility which then frees
you to pursue other intellectual endeavours and modes of communication. But
perhaps more importantly, you’ve established that you are knowledgeable and a
trusted authority, meaning that your non-peer-reviewed writings have greater
impact.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Regardless, many of us got into this business to expand our collective understanding of the world around us or to make the world a better place. Neither of these goals is achievable if we are not communicating to non-scientists.</span></div>
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ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-79280038383070737412020-03-30T21:35:00.000-04:002020-03-30T21:35:50.523-04:00Early evidence that governmental responses to COVID-19 reduce urban air pollution<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLzjgUj_kwo/XoIwf12iHyI/AAAAAAAABz4/Gm80ct2af4EIwrLJTSe2EbmW3Edv8t7DACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/virus.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="93" data-original-width="90" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLzjgUj_kwo/XoIwf12iHyI/AAAAAAAABz4/Gm80ct2af4EIwrLJTSe2EbmW3Edv8t7DACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/virus.png" /></a>There is no doubt that the global spread of COVID-19
represents the defining crisis of the last decade. Governments around the world
have scrambled to try to reduce person-to-person spread and deal with pressures
on public health infrastructure. Regions with community spread have almost
universally faced restrictions on travel, business and social activities. These
restrictions are designed to reduce the exponential spread of COVID-19 (that
is, to flatten the curve), these restrictions will also have a large number of
other economic, social and environmental repercussions. Here, I ask a simple
question: Has reductions in economic activity and movement caused by
governmental responses to COVID-19 improved air quality in cities? I compare
February 2019 and 2020 air quality measures and show that six cities that were
impacted early by government restrictions in response to COVID-19 show
consistent declines in five of six major air pollutants compared to cities that
were impacted later (the text in this post has been modified from <a href="https://eartharxiv.org/nhgj3/" target="_blank">Cadotte 2020</a>).<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the most pernicious and inevitable consequences of
urbanization and industrialization is the release of air pollutants. The <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank">WorldHealth Organization</a> (WHO) estimates that about 90% of urban residents
experience air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines and that air pollution is
responsible for more than four million premature deaths annually <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health" target="_blank">World Health Organization 2018</a>)</span>. Air quality
is adversely affected by the aerosol release of a number of chemical compounds
from agriculture, manufacturing, combustion engines and garbage incineration,
and is usually assessed by measuring the atmospheric concentrations of six key
pollutants: fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), course particulate
matter (PM<sub>10</sub>), ground-level ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), nitrogen dioxide
(NO<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO). These pollutants have a number of serious human health impacts (Table 1). Reducing inputs of
these pollutants into urban areas requires a combination of technological
advancement and behaviour change that can be stimulated by governmental
regulations and incentives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<b>Table 1</b>: The six commonly measured air pollutants in cities and their human health impacts.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIlpaEJy1e8/XoIYaJFAD7I/AAAAAAAAByc/RCmW25HbhGUwqpOZdOhI1emzRfALGc7egCEwYBhgLKs0DAMBZVoAkYY8NTUgCwBMtesNO9uxT0E1vcPotQuP6tgEvXAHlae1WyP7ug3hxCPl5foImBzQ5QNdemApDKPIC4228DnIJ2QmFolhmXuGGU_ps8ZwBPbpEbTfCd_LHwu_12QFHN7NWDXT2-J9vgifFYJk6_TOohhvj9p7aoxyhY6Hu57MElHf6TBMXmdyRLedS_pojTr-9XH6YENzs8vNBMSGI8n8Ckhcy5zaVuzjxgzFr88emdpEeTumPKUWCelYW204u9ab_cOyw_eB9Jx_KX41hP-DFcN1TW0hIEMwODNNX2KoWK3sJF695lPJXbnXJOYwXDY9WSUT6AU4P7DLkoG122dwgA3-VmEgIJwkiL0UX-mrAXH2vGVaJjzV8iecLeYErmNp7armI2MuZQzkqXaBeSx021bTtuoLEiJOfyzMRFtRZl-vdHh8-yh1JGScCoE58C7qIKOA18NHKxkWyIVk0y-_qF9lyqIVWzx3LR7xbBkyRR4Kh4YwL6GGweYbsLcCy5v6EMmOeSuOV8P2PmPAkCJEwegJK6f06rvROJ8Mvahz2WWMWDjFJHZ4w0TI-lQq4_YyzkRZwGZRZ7DFhpwINjAFsziGvzowttIww6bWI9AU/s1600/table.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="891" height="238" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIlpaEJy1e8/XoIYaJFAD7I/AAAAAAAAByc/RCmW25HbhGUwqpOZdOhI1emzRfALGc7egCEwYBhgLKs0DAMBZVoAkYY8NTUgCwBMtesNO9uxT0E1vcPotQuP6tgEvXAHlae1WyP7ug3hxCPl5foImBzQ5QNdemApDKPIC4228DnIJ2QmFolhmXuGGU_ps8ZwBPbpEbTfCd_LHwu_12QFHN7NWDXT2-J9vgifFYJk6_TOohhvj9p7aoxyhY6Hu57MElHf6TBMXmdyRLedS_pojTr-9XH6YENzs8vNBMSGI8n8Ckhcy5zaVuzjxgzFr88emdpEeTumPKUWCelYW204u9ab_cOyw_eB9Jx_KX41hP-DFcN1TW0hIEMwODNNX2KoWK3sJF695lPJXbnXJOYwXDY9WSUT6AU4P7DLkoG122dwgA3-VmEgIJwkiL0UX-mrAXH2vGVaJjzV8iecLeYErmNp7armI2MuZQzkqXaBeSx021bTtuoLEiJOfyzMRFtRZl-vdHh8-yh1JGScCoE58C7qIKOA18NHKxkWyIVk0y-_qF9lyqIVWzx3LR7xbBkyRR4Kh4YwL6GGweYbsLcCy5v6EMmOeSuOV8P2PmPAkCJEwegJK6f06rvROJ8Mvahz2WWMWDjFJHZ4w0TI-lQq4_YyzkRZwGZRZ7DFhpwINjAFsziGvzowttIww6bWI9AU/s400/table.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Alterations of human, transport and industrial activity are
usually the result of long-term economic and behavioural change and difficult to
legislate under normal situations. However, the recent emergence of the global
COVID-19 pandemic has had clear epidemiological impacts with, as of March 25,
2020, almost half a million confirmed infections and close to 20,000 deaths <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<a href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200325-sitrep-65-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2b74edd8_2" target="_blank">World Health Organization 2020</a>)</span>. This pandemic
has resulted in emergency measures attempting to reduce transmission rates that
limit activity, movement and commerce in jurisdictions around the world. While
these emergency measures are critically important to limit the spread and
impact of the coronavirus, they also provide a glimpse into how governmental
calls for behavioural change can alter air pollution levels in cities.<br />
<br />
Early evidence reveals that pollution levels have dropped in places that have undergone COVID-19 shutdowns. As Marshall Burke showed in a <a href="http://www.g-feed.com/2020/03/covid-19-reduces-economic-activity.html" target="_blank">blog post</a>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, levels are lower than expected in parts of China. Here I
examine January and February 2020 AQI levels for the six pollutants in Wuhan to what would
be expected under normal circumstances. I further compare the change in
February air pollution levels over the past two years in six cities that
instituted emergency measures by the end of February (early impacted cities) to
11 cities that did not declare states of emergency until March (later impacted
cities) using freely available air monitoring data <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<a href="https://waqi.info/" target="_blank">World Air Quality Index Project</a> 2020) -see Table 2 for a list of cities</span>.</div>
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<b>Table 2</b>: <span style="font-size: small;">The
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">eleven</span> cities used in this analysis, the month
that emergency measures were enacted and two- to six-year AQI averages of the
pollutants</span></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KM-1RKk8-Iw/XoIaozarSqI/AAAAAAAAByo/3tsnxZufFGQU0V3gdDWC6Nku4PVoeNLEgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/table2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="848" height="388" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KM-1RKk8-Iw/XoIaozarSqI/AAAAAAAAByo/3tsnxZufFGQU0V3gdDWC6Nku4PVoeNLEgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/table2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City-data come from monitoring agencies listed at the end of this post</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SImF4CKOT9k/XoImg6dq_4I/AAAAAAAABy0/AvaMR7I3uNsCmymOasVz-QYvQ9jAyMoOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/wuhan.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="341" height="168" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SImF4CKOT9k/XoImg6dq_4I/AAAAAAAABy0/AvaMR7I3uNsCmymOasVz-QYvQ9jAyMoOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s200/wuhan.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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Wuhan, China was the epicenter for the December 2019
emergence and the first person-to-person spread of the novel coronavirus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In response, authorities initiated a series
drastic measures limiting human movement and activity in Wuhan and large parts
of Hubei province by the end of January. Three air pollutants: PM<sub>2.5</sub>,
PM<sub>10</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> all showed substantial January and February
declines in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index" target="_blank">Air Quality Index </a>(AQI) <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(<a href="https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_02_14.pdf" target="_blank">U.S.Environmental Protection Agency 2014</a>)</span> values over 2019 levels for those
months and what would be expected from long-term trends (Fig. 1). These
long-term declining air pollution trends do reveal that <a href="https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/news/beijing%E2%80%99s-air-quality-improvements-are-model-other-cities" target="_blank">China’s recentpollution reduction and mitigation efforts </a>are steadily paying off, but the
government-enforced restrictions further reduced pollution levels. The expected
air pollution values predicted by temporal trends (red dashed lines in Fig. 1)
are all substantially higher than the observed levels, with observed values
being between 13.85% lower than expected for January PM<sub>2.5</sub> and
33.93% lower for January NO<sub>2</sub>. Further, the reductions in the
pollutants shown in Fig. 1 increased the number of days where pollutant
concentrations were categorized as ‘good’ (0 <u><</u> AQI <u><</u> 50) or
‘moderate’ (51 <u><</u> AQI <u><</u> 100) according to the AQI. The three
other pollutants: SO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and CO, all showed
idiosyncratic or non-significant changes, mostly because their levels have
already reduced significantly over time or appear quite variable (Fig. 2). </div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SJBhnrPXQiI/XoIn6XMoOWI/AAAAAAAABzI/5mf3-CMLHEMx85oA96SLWda_h6pZIHVXACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/fig1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="974" height="257" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SJBhnrPXQiI/XoIn6XMoOWI/AAAAAAAABzI/5mf3-CMLHEMx85oA96SLWda_h6pZIHVXACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/fig1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Fig. 1.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> Temporal
patterns of Air Quality Index (AQI) PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>
values in Wuhan, China. Both January and February, 2020 values show significant
declines compared to 2019 levels and to that predicted from long-term trends
(red dashed line).</span></span>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tvQomDziPkY/XoIn6edY3lI/AAAAAAAABzA/fnTg53gDVnssx-1oc10WR7UUEwjScxYbQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/fig2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="974" height="268" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tvQomDziPkY/XoIn6edY3lI/AAAAAAAABzA/fnTg53gDVnssx-1oc10WR7UUEwjScxYbQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/fig2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Fig. 2. Temporal patterns of Air Quality Index
(AQI) SO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and CO values in Wuhan, China.</span></span>
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Once COVID-19 moved to other jurisdictions, and
confirmations of community spread emerged in February 2020, emergency measures,
like those in Hubei province, were instituted to limit human movement and
interaction. The cities subjected to February restrictions include, in addition
to Wuhan, Hong Kong, Kyoto, Milan, Seoul and Shanghai, and the AQI values from
these cities were compared to other cities that did not see the impacts of the novel
coronavirus or have emergency restrictions in place until well into March.
Log-response ratios between the air concentrations of pollutants observed in
February 2020 to those from February 2019 reveal that all air pollutants except
O<sub>3</sub> show a decline in the 2020 values for the early impacted cities
(Fig. 3). For later impacted cities, there is no overall trend in changes in
the concentrations of pollutants between 2020 and 2019 and the individual
cities in this group showed less consistency in the differences between years
(Fig. 3). </div>
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</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y3I7dYUusWw/XoIpREsJ1EI/AAAAAAAABzg/3wbMTa2On4AjgIG5yrEZVOogngeaHqFegCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/fig3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="588" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y3I7dYUusWw/XoIpREsJ1EI/AAAAAAAABzg/3wbMTa2On4AjgIG5yrEZVOogngeaHqFegCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/fig3.png" width="536" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="Legend">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Fig. 3.</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Log response ratios for Air Quality Index (AQI) PM<sub>2.5</sub>,
PM<sub>10</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO values
between February 2019 and February 2020 values. Negative values indicate a
decline in 2020. The green symbols indicate values from an assortment of cities
that did not have emergency measures in place until March, 2020 (later impacted
cities) and orange symbols are for cities that were impacted by the end of
February. </span></span></div>
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These results indicate consistent air pollution reduction in
cities impacted early by the spread of the novel coronavirus. However, the
analyses presented here require further investigation as governments
increasingly restrict activity world-wide, and some are discussing the
possibility of prematurely lifting restrictions in order to spur economic
growth. Further, the data analyzed here present point estimates of air quality but
air pollution impacts are not homogeneous through urban landscapes and is
influenced by spatial variation in industrial activities and transportation <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Adams & Kanaroglou 2016)</span>. Thus, as higher
resolution spatial air pollution data become available, it would be valuable to
see how reduced activity affects air quality in different parts of cities.</div>
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<br /></div>
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This analysis of early data indicates that governmental
policies that directly reduce human activity, commercial demand and transportation
can effectively and quickly reduce urban air pollution. While the COVID-19
pandemic represents a serious risk for health and wellbeing of populations
globally, especially those living in high density urban areas, the impacts of
air pollution are equally consequential. If governments are willing to expend
trillions of dollars in direct funding and indirect economic costs to combat
this disease, then why do these same governments permit or even subsidize
activities that emit air pollution? Maybe the lessons learned with <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6733081/covid-19-pandemic-environmental-inflection/" target="_blank">COVID-19 can serve as the impetus for further action</a>. Perhaps mandating changes to economic or
transportation activity or investing in clean technology would better protect
human health from the effects of air pollution.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Cited sources</b></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Adams, M.D. & Kanaroglou, P.S. (2016)
Mapping real-time air pollution health risk for environmental management:
Combining mobile and stationary air pollution monitoring with neural network
models. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of environmental
management,</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">168,</b> 133-141.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cadotte, M. W. (2020) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span>Early evidence that COVID-19 government policies reduce urban air pollution. Retrieved from eartharxiv.org/nhgj3</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cesaroni, G., Forastiere, F., Stafoggia,
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Fann, N., Lamson, A.D., Anenberg, S.C.,
Wesson, K., Risley, D. &Hubbell, B.J. (2012) Estimating the National
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Greenberg, N., Carel, R.S., Derazne, E.,
Bibi, H., Shpriz, M., Tzur, D. & Portnov, B.A. (2016) Different effects of
long-term exposures to SO2 and NO2 air pollutants on asthma </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">severity in young
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kampa, M., & E. Castanas. (2008) Human health effects of air pollution. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environmental Pollution,</i> <b>151</b>, 362-367.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">Khaniabadi, Y.O.,
Goudarzi, G., Daryanoosh, S.M., Borgini, A., Tittarelli, A. & De Marco, A.
(2017) Exposure to PM 10, NO 2, and O 3 and impacts on human health. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environmental science and pollution
research,</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">24,</b> 2781-2789</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z.J.,
Beelen, R., Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Weinmayr, G., Hoffmann, B., Fischer, P.,
Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. & Brunekreef, B. (2013) Air pollution and lung cancer
incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study
of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The lancet oncology,</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">14,</b>
813-822.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2014)
AQI: Air Quality Index.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">World Air Quality Index Project (2020) https://waqi.info/.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">World Health Organization (2018) Ambient
(outdoor) air pollution: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.</span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: x-small; mso-no-proof: yes;">World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), Situation Report –65.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">City air quality monitoring agencies:</span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">1</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Division of Air Quality Data, Air Quality and
Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Thailand
(http://aqmthai.com).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times";"> </span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">2</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Delhi Pollution Control Committee
(http://www.dpccairdata.com).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">3</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department
(http://www.epd.gov.hk).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">4</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">BMKG | Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan
Geofisika (http://www.bmkg.go.id).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">5</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">South African Air Quality Information System
- SAAQIS (http://saaqis.environment.gov.za).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">6</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Japan Atmospheric
Environmental Regional Observation System </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">(http://soramame.taiki.go.jp/).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">7</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">UK-AIR, air quality information resource -
Defra, UK (http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">8</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">South Coast Air Quality Management District
(AQMD) (http://www.aqmd.gov/).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">9</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">INECC - Instituto Nacional de Ecología y
Cambio Climático (http://sinaica.inecc.gob.mx).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">10</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione
dell'Ambiente della Lombardia (http://ita.arpalombardia.it).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">11</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">CETESB - Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São
Paulo (http://cetesb.sp.gov.br).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">12</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Department of Public Health of the Sarajevo
Canton (http://mpz.ks.gov.ba/).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">13</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Air Korea Environment
Corporation </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">(http://www.airkorea.or.kr).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">14</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Shanghai Environment
Monitoring Center</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (http://sthj.sh.gov.cn).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">15</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection (http://www.svivaaqm.net).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">16</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">Air Quality Ontario - the Ontario Ministry of
the Environment and Climate Change (http://www.airqualityontario.com/).</span></span></div>
<div class="SMcaption">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">17</span></sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wuhan Environmental
Protection Bureau </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-themecolor: text1;">(http://www.whepb.gov.cn/).</span></span></div>
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-54247170834125530112020-03-24T15:06:00.000-04:002020-03-24T15:06:11.831-04:00The Fight for Bumblebees *Guest post by Sonya Sharma, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">a student in Marc's 'Causes and Consequences of Diversity' class</span>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sE0XsqGcrVc/XnpYcD32h-I/AAAAAAAAByA/pZNy9CPo-1Am9YKEIZn5QBA4qEQkWNdsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Sonya1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="579" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sE0XsqGcrVc/XnpYcD32h-I/AAAAAAAAByA/pZNy9CPo-1Am9YKEIZn5QBA4qEQkWNdsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Sonya1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A rusty patched bumblebee (Getty Images) </span></i>
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Behind the scenes of the food we
see stocked in grocery stores are arguably one of the most important organisms
in the world, bumblebees (<i>Bombus)</i>, which provide pollination in both
natural and managed systems. However, human food security may be at risk
because of the recent worldwide declines in bumblebee populations. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Land-use change is generally
accepted as being the main driver of bumblebee abundance decline. Numerous
studies have documented reductions in bumblebee populations more noticeably in
areas that have gone through anthropogenic changes, such as agricultural
intensification and urbanization. Bumblebee species richness seems to be positively
correlated with the availability of grassland resources, such as pollen sources
and nesting habitat, which are scarce in agricultural landscapes. Additionally,
due to the mechanical disturbances across large areas that are characteristic of
agricultural landscapes, they do not typically provide suitable habitat for
wild bumblebee populations. Furthermore, bumblebees have a limited flight
range, long colony cycle and specific food and nesting requirements that cause
them to be especially susceptible to habitat loss. </div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Another factor that could be leading to the wild bumblebee decline is pathogen spillover from commercialized or domestic bumblebee populations. The commercialization of bumblebees as agricultural
pollinators has inadvertently made wild populations more susceptible to a variety
of emergent diseases and epidemics. Commercial rearing facilities provide
an ideal environment for the development of a high load of pathogens and parasites
because of the high density and high rates of transmission in these facilities.
Constant pathogen spillover from commercialized bumble bees with high parasite
loads could potentially extirpate small wild bumblebee populations. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span>
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<i>A bumblebee hive- similar to
ones placed in agricultural landscapes (Wikipedia) </i></div>
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A further contributing factor to
the decline in bumblebees is the use of pesticides. Specifically,
neonicotinoid containing pesticides, which are most widely used globally, have
been found to dramatically reduce egg-laying by queen bumblebees. To mitigate
neonicotinoids detrimental effects, a new class of pesticides are being adopted
worldwide, sulfoximines. However, a recent study suggests that sulfoximines may
also diminish queen bumblebees’ reproductive capacity. Exposure to small
amounts to a sulfoximine containing pesticide caused colonies to produce 54%
fewer male drones and no new queen bees (Meeus et al., 2011). Therefore,
pesticide use is very likely a contributing factor to the widespread bumblebee
decline. </div>
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All factors considered; we can
conclude that bumble bee populations are in serious risk of losing diversity
and possibly going extinct. However, when it was proposed in June 2018 to
include four species of bumblebee in the Californian Endangered Species Act,
the state was sued by the Californian Farm Bureau Federation and six other
agricultural associations. These groups argue that bees cannot be protected
under this law because it defines candidate species as “bird, mammal, fish,
amphibian, reptile or plant” and does not list any insects. </div>
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This conflict in government policy
is not unique to California however, and is an example of the longstanding
tension between conservation biologists and the agricultural industry about the
protection of pollinators. If bumblebees were listed on the Californian
Endangered Species Act it would restrict grazing, pesticides and the use of
commercial bumblebees. It could also limit where bumblebee hives could be
placed. Farmers and ranchers claim that listing bumble bees would harm
agricultural production dramatically. </div>
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Other environmentalists suggest
that attempts to conserve bumblebees should focus more on wildlife-friendly
approaches such as increasing agricultural land set-asides, hedgerows and
employing integrated pest management. Whatever the strategy taken through
policy to protect bumblebees, it should aim to increase the abundance of
grassland resources, reduce pathogen spillover from commercialized populations
and reduce the use of harmful pesticides. How to create a policy that will
appease both the agricultural industry and conservation biologists is still up
for debate. However, all can agree that bumblebees are an indispensable member
of both managed and natural ecosystems. </div>
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<u>Works Cited:</u></div>
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Grixti, J. C., Wong, L. T.,
Cameron, S. A., & Favret, C. (2009). Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the
North American Midwest. Biological Conservation, 142(1), 75–84. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Meeus, I., Brown, M. J. F., Graaf,
D. C. D., & Smagghe, G. (2011). Effects of Invasive Parasites on Bumble Bee
Declines. Conservation Biology, 25(4), 662–671. </div>
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<u>Further reading: </u></div>
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Sulfoximine pesticide effects on
bumble bees: https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/New-Pesticide-Affects-Bumblebee-Reproduction-64647</div>
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California Cotton Growers petition: https://www.cottonfarming.com/special-report/seven-ag-groups-file-lawsuit-regarding-bumblebee-species/</div>
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<br /></div>
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Conservation Groups Join California
in Legal Dispute Over Protecting Bumblebees: https://www.kqed.org/science/1956515/conservation-groups-join-california-in-legal-dispute-over-protecting-bumblebees</div>
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<br /></div>
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If Bumble Bees Become Endangered In
California, Farmers Say It Sets A ‘Dangerous Precedent: http://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/02/05/if-bumble-bees-become-endangered-in-california-farmers-say-it-sets-a-dangerous-precedent/</div>
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-61061077826519834432020-03-21T10:32:00.000-04:002020-03-21T10:32:44.817-04:00Why Honey bees aren’t the buzz<br />
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*Guest post by Shannon Underwood, <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">a student in Marc's 'Causes and Consequences of Diversity' class</span>.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vf4Yj04hFgk/XnYjXyz5WbI/AAAAAAAABxw/4theJAlkhGsOgk-4FumyU7F8AcEeIDeOgCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.18.38%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="616" height="172" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vf4Yj04hFgk/XnYjXyz5WbI/AAAAAAAABxw/4theJAlkhGsOgk-4FumyU7F8AcEeIDeOgCPcBGAYYCw/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.18.38%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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When
you think “Save the Bees”, most likely a Honeybee comes to mind – this is
primarily because they have become the flagship species for the current bee
crisis. Although responsible for bringing the much-needed attention to the
impact humans are having on our bee populations, they greatly misdirect the
public, making a large number of people significantly less aware of the other <a href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/475348">4,000 diverse bee species</a> we
have in North America<sup>14</sup> – our wild (native) bees: the ones we should
be <i>more</i> concerned about.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qNx2bY_lehA/XnYjXn3MRlI/AAAAAAAABxI/MM-F_3icDmEHhwFYZ3iQ8gXG5d0Wnz4ygCEwYBhgL/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.18.49%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="442" height="235" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qNx2bY_lehA/XnYjXn3MRlI/AAAAAAAABxI/MM-F_3icDmEHhwFYZ3iQ8gXG5d0Wnz4ygCEwYBhgL/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.18.49%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Fig
1. <i>Adapted from <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Wilson, Forister, and Carril
2017</span></i>. </span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Above figure shows
the total amount of bee species survey-participants thought were in the United
States. </span></div>
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Pollinators are responsible for supporting
35% of the global agricultural landscapes<sup>15</sup>. Outside of agriculture,
80-95% of the native flowering plants that are found in natural ecosystems rely
on animal pollinators for reproduction<sup>11</sup>. Pollination is a
fundamental ecosystem service provided by a variety of animals, however most
efficiently by wild bees. The unique evolutionary histories that bees share with
native plants has resulted in the vast diversity of traits seen among them (Photo
1), and communities with greater bee diversity have shown to be more productive<sup>
</sup>than communities with poorer diversity<sup>12 </sup>- largely because of
greater resource partitioning by the wild bees. Their foraging preferences,
differences in body shapes and sizes, as well as some species ability to
perform a more effective technique of pollination called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_pollination">buzz pollination</a>,
make wild bees the most important group of pollinators. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 6.5pt;"> </span><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Photo 1:</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Shows the different body shapes and sizes of
some wild bees. This rich diversity reflects their unique coevolution with
plants. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 6.5pt;"></span>
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Bees are facing substantial
reductions in their diversity, range and abundances worldwide<sup>1</sup>. In
North America, there are currently 12 wild bee species that are recognized as ‘<i>threatened’</i>
under the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=bees&searchType=species">IUCN
Red-list.</a> Staggeringly, all 12 of these species belong to the genus <i>Bombus-
</i>commonly referred to as the Bumblebee. Over that last 20 years, Bumblebees
have become one of the largest victims of decline in North America - with four
species that faced a 23-87% shrinkage in their geographic range, and a
precipitous 96% reduction in their abundance<sup>2</sup>. A leading cause of
the declines in wild bee populations has been largely attributed to land-use
change<sup>1</sup>. While the human population continues to expand, accumulating
amounts of their natural habitat is lost and replaced with agricultural and
urban landscapes. The fragmented habitats that remain often have decreased
accessibility to green spaces and poorer nesting opportunities for bees. Making
it harder for them to grab a foothold in the community – these human-added stressors
put our wild bees at a much greater risk for extinction.</div>
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<b><i><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1y765hWGaOM/XnYjYXbs9rI/AAAAAAAABxY/8OgCDmwXEqcfihCAINGUWEycktPwjWEGACEwYBhgL/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.19.50%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="533" height="197" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1y765hWGaOM/XnYjYXbs9rI/AAAAAAAABxY/8OgCDmwXEqcfihCAINGUWEycktPwjWEGACEwYBhgL/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.19.50%2BAM.png" width="320" /></a></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Fig 3.</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> <b>Adapted from
</b></span></i><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 10.5pt;">Szabo
et al. 201</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2.</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Shows the
decline in the occurrence of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">B. affinis (A)</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-size: 10.5pt;">, <i>B. terricola</i> (B), <i>B.
pensylvanicus</i> (C), and all bumblebee species (D) between the years of 1980-1990
(green) and 2000-2010 (blue). </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></div>
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The second most prominent impact on
wild bee abundance and diversity has been greatly linked to invasive species
like the common Western Honey bee<sup>1</sup>. The Honeybee, native to the Old
World region, has become an invasive species in all areas outside of its origin<sup>3</sup>.
Their uniquely large colonies and hive formation make them the most valuable pollinator
to humans in agriculture management. Wild bee health and productivity is often
reduced in agricultural landscapes because of the high use of pesticides and
lower foraging opportunities<sup>7</sup>. To compensate for this, the honeybee
has become a highly used technique worldwide because they can be easily transported
to a field for crop pollination- many policies and conservation efforts tend to
primarily focus on the protection of such managed bee species because of this. But
the positive attention that the honeybee receives publicly leaves many people
unaware that it is even invasive in North America.<br />
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Honeybees are generalists – a
common characteristic for many invasive species<sup>8</sup>. They can forage up
to 2-3km outside of their hive and will recruit other colony-workers once a
good food source is found, in order to maximize their foraging products<sup>3</sup>.
Because of their large numbers, they can greatly increase the foraging
competition for our already-threatened wild bee species. Honeybees are also prone
to several diseases and can increase the risk of transmission to our wild bee populations<sup>3</sup>.
Although the honeybee is valuable in agricultural pollination for its cost and
time efficiency, in many cases wild pollinators are better at pollinating than
the honeybee alone (Fig. 4). The honeybee lacks the ability to perform buzz
pollination - the amount of pollen a queen Bumblebee can deposit to a blueberry
flower in a single visit would require a honeybee to visit the same flower 4
times<sup>9</sup>. These small and diverse organisms are thus extremely
important for sustaining healthy natural ecosystems, and so it becomes
increasingly significant that we find ways to support their abundance and
diversity during this new human-dominated era.<sup> </sup><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Fig. 4. Adapted from</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> <i>Garibaldi
et al. 2013.</i></span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> The figure shows that wild
insects increased reproduction (y-axis) in all crops examined than the honeybee
alone. </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_wEGGCXC_E/XnYjaCuBsAI/AAAAAAAABx4/9EmrqPFfvBApB6ItK_SmqoY5XeNW6NutQCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.20.30%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="381" height="187" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_wEGGCXC_E/XnYjaCuBsAI/AAAAAAAABx4/9EmrqPFfvBApB6ItK_SmqoY5XeNW6NutQCPcBGAYYCw/s200/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-03-21%2Bat%2B10.20.30%2BAM.png" width="200" /></a></div>
Cities are commonly viewed as human-dominated
landscapes that are inhabitable for wildlife. However, some people argue that
cities may actually be ecologically valuable to certain types of species like
our insect-pollinators<sup>7</sup>. Cities often have less pesticide than the
surrounding rural landscapes<sup>7</sup>, and the commonly used green
infrastructures like green roofs, gardens, and parks can be extremely valuable
to pollinators by offering more abundant and diverse foraging opportunities. Green
infrastructure in cities is also recognized as being important for decreasing
flight times and even providing habitat for certain species<sup>4</sup>. Many
beekeepers highlight that one of the best things anyone can do to support wild
bees is to transform their property into a <a href="https://davidsuzuki.org/queen-of-green/how-to-grow-a-wild-bee-sanctuary/">bee
sanctuary</a>. Plant pollinator-friendly gardens and even incorporate bee
hotels into your backyard as a way to offer wild bees more opportunities in
developed areas. You can also take part in projects like <a href="https://davidsuzuki.org/take-action/volunteer/citizen-science/bimby/">“Bees
In My Backyard”</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <a href="https://www.bumblebeewatch.org/">“Bumble Bee watch”</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to help conservationists collect information
on our current bee populations. More importantly, though, just becoming
educated about the threats to our wild bees and spreading awareness to the
people around you is a crucial step towards refocusing our pollinator
conservation efforts, and bringing the attention away from the honeybee and rightfully
onto our wild bees.
<br />
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Literature cited</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brown, Mark J. F., and Robert J.
Paxton. 2009. “The Conservation of Bees: A Global Perspective.” <i>Apidologie</i>
40(3): 410–16.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cameron, Sydney A. et al. 2011.
“Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees.” <i>Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 108(2): 662–67.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Colla, Sheila R., and J. Scott
MacIvor. 2017. “Questioning Public Perception, Conservation Policy, and
Recovery Actions for Honeybees in North America.” <i>Conservation Biology</i>
31(5): 1202–4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dylewski, Łukasz, Łukasz Maćkowiak,
and Weronika Banaszak‐Cibicka. 2019. “Are All Urban Green Spaces a Favourable
Habitat for Pollinator Communities? Bees, Butterflies and Hoverflies in
Different Urban Green Areas.” <i>Ecological Entomology</i> 44(5): 678–89.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garibaldi, Lucas A. et al. 2013.
“Wild Pollinators Enhance Fruit Set of Crops Regardless of Honey Bee
Abundance.” <i>Science</i> 339(6127): 1608–11.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Graham, Kelsey K. “Beyond Honey Bees: Wild Bees
Are Also Key Pollinators, and Some Species Are Disappearing.” <i>The
Conversation</i>. <a href="http://theconversation.com/beyond-honey-bees-wild-bees-are-also-key-pollinators-and-some-species-are-disappearing-89214">http://theconversation.com/beyond-honey-bees-wild-bees-are-also-key-pollinators-and-some-species-are-disappearing-89214</a>
(February 20, 2020).</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hall, Damon M. et al. 2017. “The
city as a refuge for insect pollinators.” <i>Conservation Biology</i> 31(1):
24–29.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>“Invasive Species | U.S. Climate Resilience
Toolkit.” <a href="https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/ecosystem-vulnerability/invasive-species">https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/ecosystem-vulnerability/invasive-species</a>
(February 21, 2020).</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Javorek, S. K., K. E. Mackenzie, and
S. P. Vander Kloet. 2002. “Comparative Pollination Effectiveness Among Bees
(Hymenoptera: Apoidea) on Lowbush Blueberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium
Angustifolium).” <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i> 95(3):
345–51.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matias,
Denise Margaret S. et al. 2017. “A Review of Ecosystem Service Benefits from
Wild Bees across Social Contexts.” <i>Ambio</i> 46(4): 456–67.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S: How many
flowering plants are pollinated by animals? <i>Oikos</i> 2011,
120(3):321-326.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rogers,
Shelley R., David R. Tarpy, and Hannah J. Burrack. 2014. “Bee Species Diversity
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e97307.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Szabo,
Nora D. et al. 2012. “Do Pathogen Spillover, Pesticide Use, or Habitat Loss
Explain Recent North American Bumblebee Declines?” <i>Conservation Letters</i>
5(3): 232–39.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“The
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i>.
<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">https://www.iucnredlist.org/en</a>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“What
Are Pollinators and Why Do We Need Them? (Center for Pollinator Research).” <i>Center
for Pollinator Research (Penn State University)</i>. <a href="https://ento.psu.edu/pollinators/resources-and-outreach/what-are-pollinators-and-why-do-we-need-them">https://ento.psu.edu/pollinators/resources-and-outreach/what-are-pollinators-and-why-do-we-need-them</a>
(February 21, 2020).</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“Why
bees matter.” <i>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. </i>2018.
<a href="http://www.fao.org/3/I9527EN/i9527en.PDF">http://www.fao.org/3/I9527EN/i9527en.PDF</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wilson,
Joseph S., Matthew L. Forister, and Olivia Messinger Carril. 2017. “Interest
Exceeds Understanding in Public Support of Bee Conservation.” <i>Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment</i> 15(8): 460–66.</span></div>
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{margin-bottom:0cm;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-24320564723385003152020-03-12T21:49:00.000-04:002020-03-12T21:49:47.381-04:00The Homogenization of Urban Macro-systems<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">*This post is by Rabia Ahmed, a student in Marc's 'Causes and Consequences of Diversity' class.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">If you have ever walked along a residential street in the
city or suburbs you will notice many similar features in</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">each backyard. Often times personal gardens are
representative of peoples’ identities and reflect their membership in the neighbourhood. With the expansion of the urban population, an increasing area is
covered by personal yards. While each homeowner views their yard to be small
and therefore quite insignificant to the overall ecosystem- aggregated across
the country, this area quickly adds up. </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SjhMFXaYK3Q/Xmrl5dWXZ-I/AAAAAAAABw0/lgFhe-92R1kzIRFzSZnqEzLKjmnEo6gMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/neibourhood.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="862" height="125" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SjhMFXaYK3Q/Xmrl5dWXZ-I/AAAAAAAABw0/lgFhe-92R1kzIRFzSZnqEzLKjmnEo6gMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/neibourhood.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Despite the expansion of urban ecosystems little research has
been devoted to understanding the patterns of ecosystem biodiversity, function
and assembly. The findings of a recent paper by Pearse et al. (2018)
investigated the extent to which “residential macro-systems” are the same
across different US cities. The main focus of the paper was to compare the
diversity, composition and structure of cultivated yards to the natural
ecosystem in different climates across the US. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">The results of the study showed that indeed the phylogenetic
and species composition in yards had greater homogenization across regions
compared to the corresponding natural ecosystems. There was also evidence of
homogenization in vegetation as the tree density in yards remained similar
across regions, despite the fact that, due to environmental filters, the tree
densities in <s>the</s> different urban climates varied significantly. For
example, the natural ecosystems in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles almost had no
trees, but the tree density in the yards was well above zero. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #26669e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Figure 1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The above
diagram shows the convex hulls (dashed line) for three species pools:
cultivated (orange), spontaneous (blue) and natural (green). The regions are
abbreviated, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boston,
Baltimore, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis–St. Paul, Phoenix, and Salt Lake
City as BOS, BA, LA, MI, MSP, PHX, and SL, respectively. The data shows that cultivated
and spontaneous pools are more similar across regions than natural area pools,
and in all cases, pools in the same geographical area are more similar than
pools across a geographical region. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Retrieved from Pearse et al. 2018)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surprisingly,
however, it was found that urban vegetation whether directly planted or
spontaneously growing in the yards, had greater species richness than the
comparative natural areas. The greatest phylogenetic diversity (MPD) was found
within the fully cultivated yards, suggesting that these species would be
better suited to future climate stressors due to their evolutionary
distinctiveness. This variation in species lineages provides evidence that
people prefer to have a variety of plants and flowers in their backyards which
are not often found in the species pool. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overall
the data suggests that similarities in land cover and residential structural
characteristics lead to a decrease in microclimate divergence at a continental
scale. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
results underscore the common human preference for maintaining yards that are
aesthetically pleasing and low maintenance. This homogenization has broad
implications as it takes effort to keep these ecosystems the same, across
forests, deserts and planes. For example, it has been observed that there is
little difference between the amount of irrigation and fertilizers used by
homeowners in the driest (Phoenix) or the wettest (Miami) cities. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While
many argue that urban and suburban habitats do not compare to natural landscapes,
recent research shows that they are more biologically diverse than previously
assumed. The increased biodiversity is mostly because of the fact that people
plant non-native species along with the native species, and artificial
maintenance is used to overcome the environmental filter. Therefore, artificially
enriched environments such as yards have both positive and negative
consequences on the surrounding environment. For instance, researchers at </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boston
University found that trees in urban yards grow twice as fast as those in
nearby forests, and store carbon at a faster rate. On the other hand, it was
found that the rich mulched soils in suburban yards emitted twice as much CO2
as the soil in rural forests. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
conclusion, although yards have been given diminished importance in the study
of human-dominated environments, they can provide great insight into how we can
make our communities more sustainable. Residents, municipalities and neighbourhood associations can help reshape their residential macro-system into
a thriving eco-system one backyard at a time. The key is to keep a balance
between human preferences and other organisms’ needs, thus designing landscapes
that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also support pollinators and
birds. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">References </span></b></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Groffman,
Peter M., et al. “Satisfaction, water and fertilizer use in the American
residential macrosystem.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment
Research Letters, </i>vol.11, 29 Feb. 2016, <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034004 </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Humphries, Courtney. “The Residential Macrosystem.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Anthropocene</i>, 21 June 2017, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2017/06/residential-macrosystem-backyard-science/">www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2017/06/residential-macrosystem-backyard-science/</a><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Pearse, William D., et al. “Homogenization of Plant
Diversity, Composition, and Structure in North American Urban Yards.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Ecosphere</i>, vol. 9, no. 2, 15
Feb. 2018, doi:10.1002/ecs2.2105.</span></div>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style> </span>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-14043170195915730422020-03-11T13:28:00.003-04:002020-03-11T13:28:55.850-04:00Larval fish nurseries are facing a tiny, yet dangerous new enemy: Microplastics<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">*This post is by Alexa Torres, a student in Marc's 'Causes and Consequences of Diversity' class.</span><br />
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recent
research has shown that many larval fish species from various ocean habitats
are ingesting large quantities of microplastics within their preferred nursery
habitat.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Approximately 300
million tons of plastic gets manufactured per year, with around 5 to 13 million
tons of it ending up in our oceans. Much of this is in “macro” form such as
plastic packaging, fishing nets, and buoys that are quite easy to spot
littering shorelines or swirling around the enormous circular currents of the
world's oceans. Microplastics constitute pieces of plastic too small in size to
be filtered out of sewage systems: synthetic fibers,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>microbeads commonly used in cosmetics and
industrial cleaners, as well as minuscule scraps that are broken off from any
type of plastic. </span></div>
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<span style="height: 52px; margin-left: 225px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251662336;"></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251660288;"><span style="height: 41px; left: 225px; position: absolute; top: -38px; width: 112px;"></span></span><span style="height: 95px; margin-left: 856px; margin-top: 42px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 168px; z-index: 251659264;"><img alt="Image result for polyethylene beads in skin care" height="95" src="file:////Users/marccadotte/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image003.jpg" width="168" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Polyethylene beads extracted from cosmetic products,
as shown in an electron micrograph, regularly pass through sewage and treatment
plant filters, later ending up in open waters.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Image courtesy of Adil Bakir and Richard Thompson
(Plymouth University, UK)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A growing number
of research as of late have been dedicated to investigating precisely where
microplastics are found and their effects on marine life. While much evidence
has shown that adult fish are ingesting plastic, recent studies show that fish
at their larval stage are also consuming plastics, as early as mere days after
they have been spawned. Larval fish make up the next generation of adult fish
of who will supply resources of protein and nutrients to populations around the
world, yet little is understood as to the ocean processes that affect the
survival of these quintessential organisms.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Surface slicks are
naturally occurring, ribbon-like, smooth patches of water on the ocean surface.
These water features typically contain high densities of larval fish as well as
aggregate plankton, which are an important food source for them. In addition,
surface slick nurseries concentrate lots of planktonic prey, providing an oasis
of food that is critical for the development and survival for fish in their
larval stages. However,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NOAA’s Pacific
Islands Fisheries Science Center and an international team of scientists
conducted a field study sampling coastal waters of Hawaii and discovered that
the same ocean processes that were allowing for the aggregation of prey for
larval fish also concentrated passively floating microplastics. “We were
shocked to find that so many of our samples were dominated by plastics,” said
study co-lead Dr. Jonathan Whitney, a marine ecologist for the Joint Institute
for Marine and Atmospheric Research and NOAA. Plenty of times, plastics found
in surface sinks, and therefore larval fish nurseries, can be on average eight
times higher than plastic densities found in other ocean habitats.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Larval fish lay
a foundation to ecosystem function, representing the future of adult fish
populations. These organisms are highly sensitive to environmental and food
changes. With nurseries and larval fish populations being surrounded by and
ingesting toxin-laden plastics that provide no nutrition at their utmost
vulnerable life-history stage, it indicates a call for attention and cause for
alarm. Plastics ingested by adult fish induce malnutrition, stemming from gut
blockages and accumulation of toxins. As a more unfamiliar subject, researchers
are not fully aware of the exact harm plastics cause to larval fish, however,
they can predict that microplastics may play a role in negative impacts to
development and even reduce survivorship of those that ingest them.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Despite calls for
classification of plastics to be categorized as hazardous, there has been a
lack of legislation to restrict marine debris accumulation as it is still
hindered by a lack of evidence to show the exact ecological harm caused. The
productivity of fisheries, as well as overall marine biodiversity, are currently
threatened by a large number of anthropogenic stressors including climate change,
habitat destruction, and overfishing. Modern studies have suggested that
pollution of microplastics to fish nurseries and ingestion of them at larval
stages are now emerging as a novel issue and have since become the lists’ newest
addition.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">References</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Galloway, T., & Lewis, C. (2016). Marine
microplastics spell big problems for future generations. <i>Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,</i> <i>113</i>(9),
2331-2333. Retrieved February 19, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26468516</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Katsnelson, A. (2015). News Feature: Microplastics
present pollution puzzle: Tiny particles of plastic are awash in the oceans—but
how are they affecting marine life? <i>Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America,112</i>(18), 5547-5549. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rochman, C., Browne, M., Underwood, A., Van Franeker,
J., Thompson, R., & Amaral-Zettler, L. (2016). The ecological impacts of
marine debris: Unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is
perceived. <i>Ecology,</i> <i>97</i>(2), 302-312. Retrieved February 19,
2020, from </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24703091"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">www.jstor.org/stable/24703091</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">University of Hawaii at Manoa. (2019, November 11).
Prey-size plastics are invading larval fish nurseries. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.
Retrieved February 17, 2020 from <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191111150636.htm">www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191111150636.htm</a></span></div>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style> </span>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-52329477882282515992020-03-09T21:35:00.000-04:002020-03-09T21:35:48.719-04:00The “man” in mangroves: How does the Anthropocene impact biodiversity in these ecosystems?
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> *This post is by Nina Adamo, a student in Marc's 'Causes and COnsequences of Diversity' class.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Mangroves are among the most biologically important forest ecosystems on Earth, found in the intertidal zone between land and sea along tropical and subtropical coasts around the world.<sup>7</sup> Mangrove ecosystems provide habitat for a wide range of terrestrial as well as aquatic organisms including plants, fish, mollusks, birds, reptiles, and crustaceans, among many others.<sup>1</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Mangroves also serve as nursery habitats for various fish and crab species found in coastal regions, as mangroves provide high abundances of food and shelter for developing wildlife living in coastal regions.<sup>7 </sup>Since many species use mangroves as nursery grounds, fish diversity and abundance in neighbouring coastal ecosystems has been positively linked to the proximity of mangrove areas, suggesting that mangrove habitat is critical in supporting biodiversity in surrounding coastal ecosystems.<sup>5</sup></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Figure 1:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Many species such as fish and crustaceans use mangroves as a nursery site for their young, where shelter from predators and food is abundant.<sup>9</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Along with supporting a wide range of biodiversity along coastal ecosystems, mangroves also provide many essential ecosystem services to humans. Some of these societal benefits include natural resources such as fish and timber, coastal protection from storms, and assisting in mitigating climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it.<sup>11</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Despite the critical role mangroves play in supporting coastal biodiversity and providing ecosystem services to society, mangroves have been disappearing globally at an alarming rate of 1-2% per year due to anthropogenic activities and accelerated global climate change.<sup>4</sup> The main threats to these ecosystems are rising sea levels causing coastal erosion, environmental condition changes due to climate change, land-use changes, deforestation, and overexploitation of natural resources.<sup>4 </sup>This has led to the loss of about 50% of mangrove coverage across the globe since 1950.<sup>10</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">In recent years, there have been a great number of studies that have explored the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the biodiversity of vegetation, benthic meiofauna, and benthic fauna found in mangrove ecosystems. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Figure 2:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> A stilt mangrove tree in a mangrove forest coastal ecosystem on an island in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.<sup>8</sup> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">In the Sundarbans, which is the world’s largest remaining natural mangrove ecosystem located on the border of Bangladesh and India, there has been a homogenization of tree species composition over the span of 28 years from the 1980s to the 2010s.<sup>10 </sup>In other words, the largest remaining mangrove ecosystem has experienced a loss in community biodiversity of mangrove plant species over time due to anthropogenic activities and the environmental impact of climate change.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The loss of biodiversity in ecosystems is a crucial issue because higher biodiversity in most ecosystems typically leads to higher ecosystem functioning, so if biodiversity is lost through stressors such as habitat loss or extreme environmental conditions such as those produced through global climate change, it could have severe impacts on the diversity of an ecosystem and hence the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.<sup>2</sup> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The biodiversity of benthic meiofauna, which are very small invertebrates that live in the bottom of aquatic mangrove ecosystems, are also negatively impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. In a comparison study of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove areas, disturbed areas displayed a 20% loss of benthic meiofauna biodiversity compared to undisturbed mangrove areas.<sup>2</sup> Since many juvenile fish species that use mangrove ecosystems as nursery grounds rely heavily on meiofauna for food, this loss of biodiversity through anthropogenic causes could cause a reduction in ecosystem functioning not only within mangrove communities but in surrounding coastal ecosystems as well.<sup>2</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">A similar observation is also found with the biodiversity of benthic fauna in mangrove ecosystems in the Philippines, where protected mangrove ecosystems have significantly higher diversity and abundance of crab species than reforested mangrove ecosystems that have been disturbed by humans.<sup>1</sup> This suggests that environmental factors influenced by climate change and human influences in mangrove ecosystems can have a negative impact on the biodiversity of benthic fauna, one of the most dominant groups in these systems, which could impair the overall functioning of the ecosystem.<sup>1</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">With the increasing loss of mangrove habitat and the biodiversity within it across the globe due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, it is essential that humans intervene with utilizing other paradigms such as the flagship species paradigm to increase mangrove conservation and policies to protect mangrove habitat,<sup>11</sup> well-researched and well-managed mangrove planting restoration,<sup>6 </sup>and more research on innovative manmade artificial mangroves that may help to restore these ecosystems.<sup>3</sup> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Figure 3:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Locations of the various megafauna found in mangroves (locations of mangrove areas shown in green) around the globe, with the orange representing terrestrial and the blue representing aquatic megafauna. Some examples of megafauna found in mangroves (from top-left to bottom-left in a clockwise direction) include the Key deer, Manatee, Sailfin lizard, Sawfish, Three-toed sloth, Spotted deer, Bengal tiger, Otter, Green turtle, Crocodile, and the Proboscis monkey.<sup>11</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The focus of much of the recent research on mangrove conservation has utilized an ecosystem services approach, where the benefits that mangroves provide to humans is stressed as an incentive for conservation.<sup>11 </sup>For this reason, most of the research has been focused on smaller benthic invertebrates such as crabs and shrimp, rather than larger charismatic megafauna that are found in mangroves around the world such as sloths, Bengal tigers, green turtles, and proboscis monkeys.<sup>11</sup> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Conservation awareness of mangrove ecosystems could be improved by using the flagship species paradigm which uses larger charismatic species found in mangrove ecosystems in marketing campaigns that would protect the entire ecosystem in which they are found. Since charismatic megafauna have been observed in mangrove habitats across the globe, using the flagship species paradigm in conjunction with the ecosystem services paradigm could increase public awareness of the threats facing these extremely diverse and productive ecosystems.<sup>11</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Conserving mangrove ecosystems around the world is important as these ecosystems provide ecosystem services to human society and play a critical role in supporting biodiversity within mangrove systems and in neighbouring coastal systems. With the increasing threat of anthropogenic activities and global climate change, the conservation and protection of mangroves is essential to reduce the decline in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity in these ecologically important ecosystems that many animals and humans alike rely on in order to live productive and successful lives. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">References </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Bandibas, M. B., & Hilomen, V. V. (2016). Crab biodiversity under different management schemes of mangrove ecosystems. <i>Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management</i>, <i>2</i>(1), 19–30. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.7508/gjesm.2016.01.003"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.7508/gjesm.2016.01.003</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Carugati, L., Gatto, B., Rastelli, E., Lo Martire, M., Coral, C., Greco, S., & Danovaro, R. (2018). Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. <i>Scientific Reports</i>, <i>8</i>(1), 1–11. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Florida Atlantic University. (2018).<i> Humanmade mangroves could get to the “root” of the problem for threats to coastal areas</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 20, 2020, from </span><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180829115627.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180829115627.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Hapsari, K. A., Jennerjahn, T. C., Lukas, M. C., Karius, V., & Behling, H. (2019). Intertwined effects of climate and land use change on environmental dynamics and carbon accumulation in a mangrove-fringed coastal lagoon in Java, Indonesia. <i>Global Change Biology</i>. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14926"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14926</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Henderson, C. J., Gilby, B. L., Schlacher, T. A., Connolly, R. M., Sheaves, M., Flint, N., Borland, H. P., & Olds, A. D. (2019). Contrasting effects of mangroves and armoured shorelines on fish assemblages in tropical estuarine seascapes. <i>Ices Journal of Marine Science</i>, <i>76</i>(4), 1052–1061. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz007"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz007</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Kodikara, K. A. S., Mukherjee, N., Jayatissa, L. P., Dahdouh</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Guebas, F., & Koedam, N. (2017). Have mangrove restoration projects worked? An in-depth study in Sri Lanka. <i>Restoration Ecology</i>, <i>25</i>(5), 705–716. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12492"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12492</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S. J. M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L. G., Meynecke, J.-O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H. M., Sasekumar, A., & Somerfield, P. J. (2008). The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review. <i>Aquatic Botany</i>, <i>89</i>(2), 155–185. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Rante, A. (2019, December 12). A stilt mangrove tree in a protected area on Semama Island in East Kalimantan. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Supertrees: </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Meet Indonesia’s mangrove, the tree that stores carbon</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> [Image].Vox. Retrieved February 20, 2020 from</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/12/12/21009910/climate-change-indonesia-mangroves-palm-oil-shrimp-negative-emissions-blue-carbon"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.vox.com/2019/12/12/21009910/climate-change-indonesia-mangroves-palm-oil-shrimp-negative-emissions-blue-carbon</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rante, A. (2019, December 12). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">In the water lapping at mangrove roots, young fish and plankton take refuge from predators</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supertrees: </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Meet Indonesia’s mangrove, the tree that stores carbon</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> [Image].Vox. Retrieved February 20, 2020 from</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/12/12/21009910/climate-change-indonesia-mangroves-palm-oil-shrimp-negative-emissions-blue-carbon"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.vox.com/2019/12/12/21009910/climate-change-indonesia-mangroves-palm-oil-shrimp-negative-emissions-blue-carbon</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Sarker, S. K., Matthiopoulos, J., Mitchell, S. N., Ahmed, Z. U., Mamun, Md. B. A., & Reeve, R. (2019). 1980s–2010s: The world’s largest mangrove ecosystem is becoming homogeneous. <i>Biological Conservation</i>, <i>236</i>, 79–91. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.011"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.011</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Thompson, B. S., & Rog, S. M. (2019). Beyond ecosystem services: Using charismatic megafauna as flagship species for mangrove forest conservation. <i>Environmental Science & Policy</i>, <i>102</i>, 9–17. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.09.009"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.09.009</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;}</style>Marc Cadottehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08335319636148357534noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-71282529432169241652019-03-29T16:24:00.000-04:002019-03-29T16:24:56.669-04:00Intellectual death by a thousand cuts
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tgFDYDBfZao/XJ59oU49U5I/AAAAAAAABoQ/KG0lCBzG60ckQiLcEEK2Rx7-_7hcTQSIwCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/np_office-work_94976_000000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tgFDYDBfZao/XJ59oU49U5I/AAAAAAAABoQ/KG0lCBzG60ckQiLcEEK2Rx7-_7hcTQSIwCK4BGAYYCw/s200/np_office-work_94976_000000.png" width="200" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">My business is thinking. Let me be a little less succinct. My profession as a Professor of Biology is my passion, and I am fortunate enough to be paid to think about how the natural world works and to come up with possible solutions to global problems. I was trained to do this and my past training (all 11 years) and my current salary are paid by taxpayers to do this. This all seems rather straightforward, but yet why does it feel like the universe is conspiring to prevent this intellectual work from being done?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As pointed out brilliantly by Cal Newport in the Chronicle of Higher Education, in an article titled <a href="https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/is-email-making-professors-stupid">“Is E-mail Making Professors Stupid?”</a>, Professors are being buried under a pile of administrative work at the expense of intellectual pursuits. The amount of time and effort spent on managing people and money, sitting on departmental/university committees, representing the university externally, and applying for research funds and awards have all increased significantly over time. Professors are increasingly being converted into middle managers, the victims of a culture of bureaucratization and downloading.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tbO1KOO1upM/XJ595RbZsPI/AAAAAAAABoc/K8OIRRnvWCUQQGCurulUMod4kky45iOQACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/np_email_372817_000000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tbO1KOO1upM/XJ595RbZsPI/AAAAAAAABoc/K8OIRRnvWCUQQGCurulUMod4kky45iOQACK4BGAYYCw/s200/np_email_372817_000000.png" width="200" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the organizational level, this all makes sense. The necessary regulatory obligations and internal checks and balances are very robust, and appear, to outside scrutiny, as though tax-payer funds are being used correctly and efficiently. However, the reality is that university bureaucracies have grown substantially over the past couple of decades while student enrollment and faculty numbers at many institutions has been <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/10/ballooning-bureaucracies-shrinking-checkbooks/503066/">stagnant or even declining</a>. And a byproduct of this increased bureaucracy has been an increase in internal programs and procedures that require communication and paperwork. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This increase in internal communication and administration has been paired with increasing external demands for professors’ time. Increasing requests to perform grant and manuscript reviews, participate in panels, pressure to include outreach and knowledge mobilization in research projects, and the inundation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_open-access_publishing">predatory journals</a> and conference requests have been experienced by all researchers. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All these forces conspire to eat away at the ability for professors to do the thing they are actually paid to do –literally the death of the intellectual by a thousand cuts. If I were to properly answer all of the e-mails I receive, I would be spending 3+ hours a day doing this one task. Not to mention meetings. Professors spend much more of their time in meetings today than a generation ago. I just looked at the next week in my calendar (an uneventful week by my standards), and there are 14 hours of meetings scheduled. I also need to schedule these meetings myself an increasingly frustrating activity that requires multiple attempts. So e-mail and meetings alone would amount to about 25-32 hours a week. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What should I be doing with my time? Well, working on manuscripts (my students and my own), editing and reviewing for journals, writing grant proposals, teaching, participating in student committees, data analyses, research projects and training, and reading are all necessary. My estimation of the time needed to optimize these, or at least do a minimally acceptable job, would be about 30 hours a week. So, either I work a minimum of 60 hours a week, or something has to give. I am fortunate that I have the resources to hire a lab manager and do not need to deal with lab management and ordering supplies, etc., which would require an additional 4-8 hours a week.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the moment I am faced with a dichotomous decision, work evenings and weekends or purposefully prioritize certain activities over others. And to the frustration of colleagues and administrators, e-mail tends to the bottom of the priority list. But this cost of bureaucratization should not be burdened by professors alone. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cal Newport highlights several mechanisms to relieve this burden in his article. Minimally, professors should schedule e-mail time, like one hour a day. And, filed under “do as I say, not as I do”, professors should say 'no' to many of the unsolicited requests that pull them away from their core responsibilities. Yet institutions have a role to play. Newport suggests that Professors require executive assistants to manage e-mail correspondence, scheduling and paperwork and these should come with their positions (not one to one, perhaps shared amongst groups of faculty). Since professors routinely work extra hours to stay on top of all the demands, they should start to be compensated for this additional work. Further, there should be an agreed upon fixed amount of administrative service they are required to do (e.g., 10 hours a week), and going beyond this should require teaching buyouts or other forms of compensation (e.g., funds for assistant). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While the onslaught of demands seems so overwhelming, there are solutions. They just need to be pursued and pushed to university administrations. </span></div>
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Life isn't all Rainbows and Butterflies...<br />
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… especially in an age of extreme habitat loss, chemical pollution, invasions by alien species and climate change. All of these pressures are contributing to the dramatic decline of insects currently being observed all around the world.<br />
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In Canada, the general public is responding by trying to contribute their time and knowledge in any way that they can. <a href="https://ontarionature.org/programs/citizen-science/">Citizen Science</a> programs encourage people with little or no previous experience to participate by working with staff from one of the conservation areas in the Greater Toronto Area. These programs are aimed at engaging the general public in conservation efforts for the purpose of education, but with the added benefit of reducing the cost of expensive conservation work.<br />
<br />
Many more events are happening out of the public eye, not advertised, even held in secret. I attended one such event this past June, held in an undisclosed location, in Eastern Ontario. This was an invitation-only event, attended by a consortium of people concerned about the status of the Mottled Duskywing Butterfly in Ontario, spearheaded by butterfly enthusiast Jessica Linton.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bXc83bUQuvY/XIZbKGbMbHI/AAAAAAAACgw/nQpR-UNQqcU4s6eSOFY66JjMJG3gr7gEgCLcBGAs/s1600/carolyn1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bXc83bUQuvY/XIZbKGbMbHI/AAAAAAAACgw/nQpR-UNQqcU4s6eSOFY66JjMJG3gr7gEgCLcBGAs/s400/carolyn1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mottled Duskywing Butterfly. Photo: Carolyn Thickett</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.uoguelph.ca/ses/people/gard-otis">Dr. Gard Otis</a>, a bee and butterfly researcher from the University of Guelph, is unveiling new<br />
information about these specialist butterflies and their unique habitat requirements. The Mottled Duskywing depends on New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), a plant that is common to alvars as well as sandy soils supporting oak savannas, a critically endangered habitat in Canada. Land management issues related to the preservation and restoration of grassland habitats, such as oak savannas, must then be included in the Mottled Duskywing recovery strategy.<br />
<br />
One of those issues is fire suppression, originally put into practice due to the inherent risk to<br />
property and human lives. The suppression of fire over time promotes plant succession, which is the process by which grasslands turn into shrublands, then into thickets and eventually into forests. Succession is detrimental to New Jersey Tea. It is a grassland plant that requires full sun and is unable to compete with the increasing canopy density of a forest. But what if fire wasn’t suppressed? Wouldn’t New Jersey Tea burn too?<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zlWmHWqY78g/XIZbJ9ZJrlI/AAAAAAAACg0/Wmp9XuzK534bk_16wM9rITnMUndvJqe3wCEwYBhgL/s1600/carolyn3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="971" height="290" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zlWmHWqY78g/XIZbJ9ZJrlI/AAAAAAAACg0/Wmp9XuzK534bk_16wM9rITnMUndvJqe3wCEwYBhgL/s640/carolyn3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
As it turns out, New Jersey Tea is not only tolerant of fire, but it produces vigorous growth shortly after a fire disturbance (Throop & Fay, 1999). So, there is a threatened population of butterflies… living in a rare habitat… and scientists are setting it on fire?? Yup. It’s called <a href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/prescribed-burn">prescribed burning.</a><br />
<br />
But how do the butterflies survive such a disturbance? Sites are burned in sections, creating a patchwork of habitat with some portions left for conditions required by the butterflies. Some research by Swengel and Swengel (2007) suggests that some permanent unburned areas within the landscape may be important for specialist Lepidopterans, such as the Mottled Duskywing and the Karner Blue Butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), which is extirpated in Canada. Additionally, fire can provide many benefits which can even outweigh the risks. Recent work by Henderson et al. (2018) shows the short-term positive effect on another grassland butterfly to prescribed fire regimes. The diagrams below illustrate the results of their study and show the positive benefit derived from regular, and even frequent, burns.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IrCN244-MCM/XIZfQ8MkfaI/AAAAAAAACho/0VGdDgOcKxQPOJHX0ZWklZZkMc4FyZhYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Carolyn2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="1021" height="307" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IrCN244-MCM/XIZfQ8MkfaI/AAAAAAAACho/0VGdDgOcKxQPOJHX0ZWklZZkMc4FyZhYQCLcBGAs/s640/Carolyn2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
Dr. Otis and myself walked transects through specific locations within the landscape, recording the location of each Mottled Duskywing that we encountered, the quantity of New Jersey Tea plants and keeping tally of the totals. Dr. Otis’ study will examine how Mottled Duskywings respond to the prescribed burns by utilizing different portions within the landscape. The next prescribed burn will occur early next spring by property staff, then the butterfly populations will again be assessed and compared with the baseline data.<br />
<br />
In addition, staff at the <a href="https://www.cambridgebutterfly.com/">Cambridge Butterfly Conservatory</a> are currently working on determining the caterpillar rearing requirements of a related species, the Wild Indigo Duskywing. At this point they have had success getting females to lay eggs in captivity and rearing the larvae. The knowledge gained with the Wild Indigo Duskywings will be applied to the Mottled Duskywings, working towards reintroduction to one or more sites where they used to occur within the province, perhaps as early as 2020.<br />
<br />
The Mottled Duskywing butterfly population we surveyed is the largest in Canada. At the end of the count, we received word that 4 teams of observers recorded 210 butterflies. This was great news for the researchers as the population appears to be stable, although the true population can only be determined through a detailed mark-recapture study which is tentatively being planned for summer 2019.<br />
<br />
Mottled Duskywing conservation is gaining momentum… work has already started on habitat recovery and caterpillar rearing protocols. The information gathered and recovery actions taken could have implications for many other native prairie and grassland species. The same can be said for every other count, assessment, or restoration event. Whether you are a researcher or a concerned citizen, get involved. Know that your efforts could have massive implications for biodiversity, you could even SAVE a species from extinction!<br />
<br />
To get involved in conservation, visit <a href="https://ontarionature.org/programs/citizen-science/">citizen science</a>.<br />
<br />
For more information on Mottled Duskywing butterflies, read the <a href="https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/4892/mnrf-sar-rs-mttld-dskwg-en.pdf">recovery strategy</a>.<br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
Fickenscher, J.L., Litvaitis, J.A., Lee, T.D. & Johnson, P.C. Insect responses to invasive shrubs:<br />
Implications to managing thicket habitats in the northeastern United States. Forest Ecology<br />
and Management 322 (complete), 127-135 (2014).<br />
<br />
Henderson, Richard A., Meunier, Jed, & Holoubek, Nathan S. Disentangling effects of fire,<br />
habitat, and climate on an endangered prairie-specialist butterfly. Biological Conservation 218<br />
(complete), 41-48 (2018).<br />
<br />
Swengel, A. B. & Swengel, S. R. Benefit of permanent non-fire refugia for Lepidoptera<br />
conservation in fire-managed sites. Journal of Insect Conservation 11, 263–279 (2007).<br />
<br />
Throop, Heather L. & Fay, Philip A. Effects of fire, browsers and gallers on New Jersey tea<br />
(Ceanothus herbaceous) growth and reproduction. The American Midland Naturalist 141 (1),<br />
51 (1999).Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3164804243040726299.post-14526105267485811952019-02-06T20:51:00.000-05:002019-02-06T20:52:17.309-05:00Amphibian Chytrid Crisis: A Deep Dive into a Deadly DiseaseGuest post by Tristan Williams, MEnvSc Candidate at the University of Toronto-Scarborough<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We
currently live in an era of mass extinction, where many species around the
world are at high risk of being lost forever, and among these species, amphibians
are at much higher risk of extinction than any other (Wake and Vrendenburg,
2008). This comes from a combination of many factors, including climate change,
habitat destruction and human land use, the presence of invasive species, and
as we’ll be looking at here: the fungal infection chytridiomycosis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Potential
pathways for the spread of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Bsal</i>
in Europe. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>(Figure
1 from Fisher 2017)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chytridiomycosis
is a skin disease caused by a chytrid fungus, either <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>), or <i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans</i> (<i>Bsal</i>). Though these fungi may be small, they are a big deal when it
comes to the health and stability of amphibian populations. They have been implicated
for the heavy decline or even outright extinction of a large number of
amphibian species, making it potentially the most impactful wildlife disease
known (Scheele <i>et al.,</i> 2014). These
fungi have a number of traits that make it easy for them to spread to
amphibians. One such trait is the ability to reside within a host without
causing infection, using it as a reservoir from which it can spread to
more vulnerable species (Fisher, 2017). This can be seen in the example of the
midwife toad and alpine newt, which are carriers for <i>Bsal</i>, and can lead to infection of fire salamander populations.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nYpyxVCJMLI/XFuKUdOs6GI/AAAAAAAACfE/ip080tNznNgw1MdClMJXvMouJ_FZ7kcFwCLcBGAs/s1600/tristan1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="888" height="404" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nYpyxVCJMLI/XFuKUdOs6GI/AAAAAAAACfE/ip080tNznNgw1MdClMJXvMouJ_FZ7kcFwCLcBGAs/s640/tristan1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Figure 1: Potential pathways for the spread of <i style="text-align: start;">Bsal</i><span style="text-align: start;"> in Europe, </span>from Fisher 2017.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
zoospores of these fungi also have two forms which contribute to their spread
among amphibian population. The first is the motile aquatic form, which allows
them to establish infection during the tadpole stage (Fisher, 2017). The second
is the non-motile form, called an encysted spore, which has a thick cell wall,
and are highly resilient. These encysted spores are capable of persisting in
the environment while retaining their infectiousness, without needing a host at
all for a long period of time. And if that wasn’t enough, it could be the case that birds can act as carriers for these encysted spores,
bringing the fungus to new locations and further contributing to the spread of
disease over larger distances. As noted by Fisher et al. (2017), it really does seem like
amphibians really are in peril from a perfect pathogen. But what exactly do
these fungal infections do to amphibians that make it such a problem?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Amphibians
are cutaneous respirators. They “breathe” through their skin, allowing them to
maintain the correct osmotic balance of electrolytes and water within the body.
This is what makes chytrid fungi such a unique threat to amphibians. To other
organisms the development of a cutaneous chytrid infection is usually not a big
deal, but to amphibians it can directly interfere with their ability to respire
(Voyles <i>et al.,</i> 2009). The ensuing
loss of electrolytes impairs the ability of the heart to function, blood flow
to the rest of the body is reduced, and cardiac arrest leads to death as a
result of complete collapse of the circulatory system. However, even before
that occurs, the now physically impaired and lethargic individual is likely to
become a victim of predation or a combination of other stressors as well. As an
example of the potential severity of this disease, fire salamanders in the
Netherlands that were infected with <i>Bsal</i>
experienced a mortality rate of over 96% (Fisher, 2017). A very morbid and unfortunate
situation our amphibian friends find themselves in.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Normally,
the mucus layer present on the skin of amphibians contains a number of
antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes, as well as symbiotic bacteria which all
contribute to innate defenses against invading pathogens (Rollins-Smith <i>et al.,</i> 2011). Amphibians have also shown
to be capable of developing an acquired immune response to chytrid fungi after
exposure, with some even developing <i>Bd</i>
specific antibodies. So then why is chytridiomycosis such a problem for
amphibians? The answer appears to be because chytrid fungi are capable of
suppressing immune responses in many species before these defenses are capable
of protecting against infection (Ellison <i>et
al.,</i> 2014). Other environmental stressors can also interfere with the
ability of amphibians to mount an appropriate immune defense. Lack of food
resources, temperature stress, or exposure to chemicals like pesticides can all
increase the likelihood of fungal infection (Rollins-Smith <i>et al.,</i> 2011). Furthermore, the amphibian life cycle itself can
impair the ability of an individual to resist infection. When a tadpole
undergoes metamorphosis into an adult, the immune system also goes through a
drastic transition to maturity. This period of time provides an opening for
infection to develop while the defenses of the amphibian aren’t at full
capacity. Ultimately, this means that the ability for a species of amphibian to
defend against chytrid fungi varies heavily based on the level of innate and
acquired defenses mounted, the health of the habitat, the climate, and what
part of the life cycle the species in question is in. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is abundantly clear that amphibian
populations are in great danger as a result of this disease outbreak, so the
obvious follow-up question is what can we do about this ongoing threat? While
there is no silver bullet for stopping chytridiomycosis outright, there are a
number of potentially promising forms of intervention that could help to bring
mortality rates down to less extreme levels. In short-term or small scales, the
direct treatment of individuals with antifungals is shown to be an effective
method of temporarily controlling an outbreak, but more long-term measures are
needed to ensure success in restoring populations (Garner <i>et al.,</i> 2016). Scheele <i>et al.</i>
(2014) provide a framework of three potential classes of action to protect
amphibians from fungal infection. The first class is Environmental Manipulation.
As mentioned previously, there are a number of environmental factors that
influence the chance of successful infection. Reducing the presence chemical
pollutants can reduce stress on amphibian populations are lower infection
rates. The creation of warm regions in the habitat, such as warm pools of
water, areas of high sun exposure to bask in, or the introduction of artificial
heat sources can also allow species to initiate behavioural fever, raising
their body temperature to levels that are no longer ideal for chytrid fungi to
survive. Finally, methods such as bio-augmentation, which involves introducing
microbes with the ability to inhibit chytrid fungi to the environment, can
potentially provide an ecosystem-wide treatment, so long as proper testing is
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Artificial
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>(Figure
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">not
negatively impact the environment in any way. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QKSsVhIhv38/XFuLzcMPZ9I/AAAAAAAACfY/zn7ewtj3BCMzQb6iWp-rL7gycqH0EKk1wCLcBGAs/s1600/tristan2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="1167" height="204" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QKSsVhIhv38/XFuLzcMPZ9I/AAAAAAAACfY/zn7ewtj3BCMzQb6iWp-rL7gycqH0EKk1wCLcBGAs/s640/tristan2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Artificial ponds for
the captive breeding of the endangered <i>Pseudophryne
corroboree</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Figure 2 from
Scheele <i>et al.</i>, 2014)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When
manipulation is not a reasonable solution, the Amphibian Introduction class is
next in line. This involves the translocation of amphibian populations to
refugia: environments that are ideal for the species, but poor for chytrid
fungus. This method does require that it is ensured that this translocation
will not cause any impacts in the new environment. Alternatively, captive bred
amphibians can be added to wild populations in order to increase the buffering
capacity of the ecosystem, allowing higher likelihood of survival for a
population even after an chytrid epidemic. Finally, failing the previous two
classes, the last class is Ex-Situ Conservation, which involves keeping
colonies in captivity. Infected individuals are treated with chemicals or heat
to kill the fungus, and individuals are bred in order to improve resistance
among the population while maintaining genetic diversity (</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Scheele </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> 2014)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While
these treatments are still in development and have not been used in proper
field tests yet, they definitely have the potential to rescue amphibian
populations. However, the fact remains that many amphibians around the world
are critically imperilled, so there is clear need for feasibility research as
soon as possible if we want to prevent any more extinctions. The loss of mass
amounts of amphibians could lead to huge impacts on many ecosystems around the
world, and it is all but guaranteed to happen unless we take action.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Literature Cited:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Ellison AR </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> 2014. Fighting a Losing Battle:
Vigorous Immune Response Countered by Pathogen Suppression of Host Defenses in
the Chytridiomycosis-Susceptible Frog </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Atelopus
zeteki</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">. G3-Genes Genom Genet 4(7): 1275-1289.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fisher MC. 2017. Ecology:
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Garner TWJ </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> 2016. Mitigating amphibian
chytridiomycoses in nature. Philos T Roy Soc B 371(1709).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Rollins-Smith LA </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> 2011. Amphibian Immune Defenses
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Scheele BC </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> 2014. Interventions for Reducing
Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis-Threatened Amphibians. Conserv Biol 28(5):
1195-1205.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">Voyles J, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;">et al.</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"> 2009. Pathogenesis of
Chytridiomycosis, a Cause of Catastrophic Amphibian Declines. Science
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wake DB and Vredenburg
VT. 2008. Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the
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Stuart Livingstonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00390676987533435359noreply@blogger.com2